Lexicon :: Strong's G3739 - os

ὅς, ἡ, ὁ, the postpositive article, which has the force of:
I. a demonstrative pronoun, this, that (Latin hic, haec, hoc; German emphatic der, die, das); in the N. T. only in the following instances: ὅς δέ, but he (German er aber), John 5:11 L Tr WH; (Mark 15:23 T Tr text WH; cf. Buttmann, § 126, 2); in distributions and distinctions: ὅς μέν... ὅς δέ, this... that, one... another, the one... the other, Matthew 21:35; Matthew 22:5 L T Tr WH; Matthew 25:15; Luke 23:33; Acts 27:44; Romans 14:5; 1 Corinthians 7:7 R G; 1 Corinthians 11:21; 2 Corinthians 2:16; Jude 1:22; ὁ μέν... ὁ δέ, the one... the other, Romans 9:21; (ὁ μέν... ὁ δέ... ὁ δέ, some... some... some, Matthew 13:23 L T WH); ὁ δέ... ὁ δέ... ὁ δέ, some... some... some, Matthew 13:8; ᾧ (masculine) μέν... ἄλλῳ (δέ)... ἑτέρῳ δέ (but L T Tr WH omit this δέ) κτλ., 1 Corinthians 12:8-10 ὁ μέν... ἄλλο δέ (L text T Tr WH καί ἄλλο), Mark 4:4; with a variation of the construction also in the following passages: ὁ μέν... καί ἕτερον, Luke 8:5; οὕς μέν with the omission of οὕς δέ by anacoluthon, 1 Corinthians 12:28; ὅς μέν... ὁ δέ ἀσθενῶν etc. one man... but he that is weak etc. Romans 14:2. On this use of the pronoun, chiefly by later writers from Demosth. down, cf. Matthiae, § 289 Anm. 7; Kühner, § 518, 4 b. ii., p. 780; (Jelf, § 816, 3 b.); Alexander Buttmann (1873) Gram. § 126, 3; Buttmann, 101 (89); Winer's Grammar, 105 (100); Fritzsche on Mark, p. 507.
II. a relative pronoun who, which, what;
1. in the common construction, according to which the relative agrees as respects its gender with the noun or pronoun which is its antecedent, but as respects case is governed by its own verb, or by a substantive, or by a preposition: ὁ ἀστήρ ὅν εἶδον, Matthew 2:9; ὁ... Ἰουδαῖος οὗ ὁ ἔπαινος κτλ., Romans 2:29; οὗτος περί οὗ ἐγώ ἀκούω τοιαῦτα, Luke 9:9; ἀπό τῆς ἡμέρας, ἀφ' ἧς, Acts 20:18; Θεός δἰ οὗ, ἐξ οὗ, 1 Corinthians 8:6, and numberless other examples it refers to a more remote noun in 1 Corinthians 1:8, where the antecedent of ὅς is not the nearest noun Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, but τῷ Θεῷ in 4; yet cf. Winer's Grammar, 157 (149); as in this passage, so very often elsewhere the relative is the subject of its own clause: ἀνήρ ὅς etc. James 1:12; πᾶς ὅς, Luke 14:33; οὐδείς ὅς, Mark 10:29; Luke 18:29, and many other examples
2. in constructions peculiar in some respect;
a. the gender of the relative is sometimes made to conform to that of the following noun: τῆς αὐλῆς, ὁ ἐστι πραιτώριον, Mark 15:16; λαμπάδες, ἅ εἰσί (L ἐστιν) τά πνεύματα, Revelation 4:5 (L T WH); σπέρματι, ὅς ἐστι Χριστός, Galatians 3:16; add, Ephesians 1:14 (L WH text Tr marginal reading ὁ); Ephesians 6:17; 1 Timothy 3:15; Revelation 5:8 (T WH marginal reading ἅ); cf. Herm. ad Vig., p. 708; Matthiae, § 440, p. 989f; Winers Grammar, § 24, 3; Buttmann, § 143, 3.
b. in constructions ad sensum (cf. Buttmann, § 143, 4);
α. the plural of the relative is used after collective nouns in the singular (cf. Winers Grammar, § 21, 3; Buttmann, as above): πλῆθος πολύ, οἱ ἦλθον, Luke 6:17; πᾶν τό πρεσβυτέριον, παῥ ὧν, Acts 22:5; γενεάς, ἐν οἷς, Philippians 2:15.
β. κατά πᾶσαν πόλιν, ἐν αἷς, Acts 15:36; ταύτην δευτέραν ὑμῖν γράφω ἐπιστολήν, ἐν αἷς (because the preceding context conveys the idea of two Epistles), 2 Peter 3:1.
γ. the gender of the relative is conformed not to the grammatical but to the natural gender its antecedent (cf. Winers Grammar, § 21, 2; Buttmann, as above): παιδάριον ὅς, John 6:9 L T Tr WH; θηρίον ὅς, of Nero, as antichrist, Revelation 13:14 L T Tr WH; κεφαλή ὅς, of Christ, Colossians 2:19; (add μυστήριον ὅς etc. 1 Timothy 3:16 G L T Tr WH; cf. Buttmann, as above; Winer's Grammar, 588f (547)); σκεύη (of men) οὕς,Romans 9:24; ἔθνη οἱ, Acts 15:17; Acts 26:17; τέκνα, τεκνία οἱ, John 1:13; Galatians 4:19; 2 John 1:1 (Euripides, suppl. 12); τέκνον ὅς, Philemon 1:10.
c. In attractions (Buttmann, § 143, 8; Winer's Grammar, §§ 24, 1; 66, 4ff);
α. the accusative of the relative pronoun depending on a transitive, verb is changed by attraction into the oblique case of its antecedent: κτίσεως ἧς ἔκτισεν ὁ Θεός, Mark 13:19 (R G); τοῦ ῤήματος οὗ εἶπεν, Mark 14:72 (Rec.); add, John 4:14; John 7:31, 39 (but Tr marginal reading WH marginal reading ὁ); John 15:20; 21:10; Acts 3:21, 25; Acts 7:17, 45; Acts 9:36; Acts 10:39; Acts 22:10; Romans 15:18; 1 Corinthians 6:19; 2 Corinthians 1:6; 2 Corinthians 10:8, 13; Ephesians 1:8; Titus 3:5(R G),Titus 3:6; Hebrews 6:10; Hebrews 9:20; James 2:5; 1 John 3:24; Jude 1:15; for other examples see below; ἐν ἄρα ἡ οὐ γινώσκει, Matthew 24:50; τῇ παραδόσει ἡ παρεδώκατε, Mark 7:13; add, Luke 2:20; Luke 5:9; Luke 9:43; Luke 12:46; Luke 24:25; John 17:5; Acts 2:22; Acts 17:31; Acts 20:38; 2 Corinthians 12:21; 2 Thessalonians 1:4; Revelation 18:6; cf. Winers Grammar, § 24, 1; (Buttmann, as above). Rarely attraction occurs where the verb governs the dative (but see below): thus, κατέναντι οὗ ἐπίστευσε Θεοῦ for κατέναντι Θεοῦ, ᾧ ἐπίστευσε (see κατέναντι), Romans 4:17; φωνῆς, ἧς ἔκραξα (for ἡ (others, ἥν, cf. Winers Grammar, 164 (154f) Buttmann, 287 (247))), Acts 24:21, cf. Isaiah 6:4; (ἤγετο δέ καί τῶν ἑαυτοῦ τέ πιστῶν, οἷς ἠδετο καί ὧν ἠπιστει πολλούς, for καί πολλούς τούτων, οἷς ἠπιστει, Xenophon, Cyril 5, 4, 39; ὧν ἐγώ ἐντετύχηκα οὐδείς, for οὐδείς τούτων, οἷς ἐντετύχηκα, Plato, Gorgias, p. 509 a.; Protag., p. 361 e.; de rep. 7, p. 531 e.; παῥ ὧν βοηθεῖς, οὐδεμίαν ληψει χάριν, for παρά τούτων, οἷς κτλ., Aeschines f. leg., p. 43 (117); cf. Fritzsche, Ep. ad Romans, i., p. 237; (Buttmann, § 148, 11; Winer's Grammar, 163f (154f); but others refuse to recognize this rare species of attraction in the N. T.; cf. Meyer on Ephesians 1:8)). The following expressions, however, can hardly be brought under this construction: τῆς χάριτος ἧς ἐχαρίτωσεν (as if for ἡ), Ephesians 1:6 L T Tr WH; τῆς κλήσεως, ἧς ἐκλήθητε, Ephesians 4:1; διά τῆς παρακλήσεως ἧς παρακαλούμεθα, 2 Corinthians 1:4, but must be explained agreeably to such phrases as χάριν χαριτουν, κλῆσιν καλεῖν, etc. ((i. e. accusative of kindred abstract substantive; cf. Winers Grammar, § 32, 2; Buttmann, § 131, 5)); cf. Winers Grammar, (and Buttmann, as above).
β. The noun to which the relative refers is so conformed to the case of the relative clause that either
αα. it is itself incorporated into the relative construction, but without the article (Buttmann, § 143, 7; Winer's Grammar, § 24, 2 b.): ὅν ἐγώ ἀπεκεφάλισα Ἰωάννην, οὗτος ἠγέρθη, for Ἰωάννης, ὅν κτλ., Mark 6:16; add, Luke 24:1; Philemon 1:10; Romans 6:17; εἰς ἥν οἰκίαν, ἐκεῖ, equivalent to ἐν τῇ οἰκία, εἰς ἥν, Luke 9:4; or
ββ. it is placed before the relative clause, either with or without the article (Winers Grammar, § 24, 2 a.; Buttmann, § 144, 13): τόν ἄρτον ὅν κλῶμεν, οὐχί κοινωνία τοῦ σώματος, 1 Corinthians 10:16; λίθον ὅν ἀπεδοκίμασαν οἱ οἰκοδομοῦντες, οὗτος ἐγενήθη (for ὁ λίθος, ὅς κτλ.), Matthew 21:42; Mark 12:10; Luke 20:17; 1 Peter 2:7.
γ. Attraction in the phrases ἄχρι ἧς ἡμέρας for ἄχρι τῆς ἡμέρας, ἡ (Winer's Grammar, § 24, 1 at the end): Matthew 24:38; Luke 1:20; Luke 17:27; Acts 1:2; ἀφ' ἧς ἡμρας for ἀπό τῆς ἡμέρας, ἡ, Colossians 1:6, 9; ὅν τρόπον, as, just as, for τοῦτον τόν τρόπον ὅν or ᾧ Matthew 23:37; Luke 13:31; Acts 7:28; (preceded or) followed by οὕτως, Acts 1:11; 2 Timothy 3:8.
δ. A noun common to both the principal clause and the relative is placed in the relative clause after the relative pronoun (Winer's Grammar, 165 (156)): ἐν ᾧ κρίματι κρίνετε, κριθήσεσθε, for κριθήσεσθε ἐν τῷ κρίματι, ἐν ᾧ κρίνετε, Matthew 7:2; Matthew 24:44; Mark 4:24; Luke 12:40, etc.
3. The Neuter ὁ
a. refers to nouns of the masculine and the feminine gender, and to plurals, when that which is denoted by these nouns is regarded as a thing (cf. Buttmann, § 129, 6): λεπτά δύο, ὁ ἐστι κοδράντης, Mark 12:42; ἀγάπην, ὁ ἐστι σύνδεσμος, Colossians 3:14 L T Tr WH; ἄρτους, ὁ etc. Matthew 12:4 L text T Tr WH.
b. is used in the phrases (Buttmann, as above] — ὁ ἐστιν, which (term) signifies: Βοανεργές ὁ ἐστιν υἱοί βροντῆς, Mark 3:17; add, Mark 5:41; 7:11, 34; Hebrews 7:2; ὁ ἐστι μεθερμηνευόμενον, and the like: Matthew 1:23; Mark 15:34; John 1:38 (John 1:39), John 1:41f (John 1:42f); John 9:7; 20:16.
c. refers to a whole sentence (Buttmann, as above): τοῦτον ἀνέστησεν ὁ Θεός, οὗ... μάρτυρες, Acts 2:32; Acts 3:15; περί οὗ... ὁ λόγος, Hebrews 5:11; ὁ καί ἐποίησαν (and the like), Acts 11:30; Galatians 2:10; Colossians 1:29; ὁ (which thing viz. that I write a new commandment (cf. Buttmann, § 143, 3)) ἐστιν ἀληθές, 1 John 2:8; ὁ (namely, to have one's lot assigned in the lake of fire) ἐστιν ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερος, Revelation 21:8.
4. By an idiom to be met with from Homer down, in the second of two coordinate clauses a pronoun of the third person takes the place of the relative (cf. Passow 2, p. 552b; (Liddell and Scott, under the word B. IV. 1); Buttmann, § 143, 6; (Winer's Grammar, 149 (141))): ὅς ἔσται ἐπί τοῦ δώματος καί τά σκεύη αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ οἰκία μή καταβάτω, Luke 17:31; ἐξ οὗ τά πάντα καί ἡμεῖς εἰς αὐτόν, 1 Corinthians 8:6.
5. Sometimes, by a usage especially Hebraistic, an oblique case of the pronoun αὐτός is introduced into the relative clause redundantly; as, ἧς τό θυγάτριον αὐτῆς, Mark 7:25; see αὐτός, II. 5.
6. The relative pronoun very often so includes the demonstrative οὗτος or ἐκεῖνος that for the sake of perspicuity demons. pronoun must be in thought supplied, either in the clause preceding the relative clause or in that which follows it (Winers Grammar, § 23, 2; Buttmann, § 127, 5). The following examples may suffice:
a. a demons. pronoun must be added in thought in the preceding clause: οἷς ἡτοίμασται, for τούτοις δοθήσεται, οἷς ἡτοίμασται, Matthew 20:23; δεῖξαι (namely, ταῦτα), ἅ δεῖ γενέσθαι, Revelation 1:1; Revelation 22:6; ᾧ for ἐκεῖνος ᾧ, Luke 7:43, 47; οὗ for τούτῳ οὗ, Romans 10:14; with the attraction of ὧν for τούτων ἅ, Luke 9:36; Romans 15:18; ὧν for ταῦτα ὧν, Matthew 6:8; with a preposition intervening, ἔμαθεν ἀφ' ὧν (for ἀπό τούτων ἅ) ἔπαθεν, Hebrews 5:8.
b. a demons. pronoun must be supplied in the subsequent clause: Matthew 10:38; Mark 9:40; Luke 4:6; Luke 9:50; John 19:22; Romans 2:1, and often.
7. Sometimes the purpose and end is expressed in the form of a relative clause (cf. the Latin qui for ut is): ἀποστέλλω ἄγγελον, ὅς (for which Lachmann in Matt. has καί) κατασκευάσει, who shall etc. equivalent to that he may etc., Matthew 11:10; Mark 1:2; Luke 7:27; (1 Corinthians 2:16); so also in Greek authors, cf. Passow, under the word, VIII. vol. 2, p. 553; (Liddell and Scott, under B. IV. 4); Matthiae, § 481, d.; (Kühner, § 563, 3 b.; Jelf, § 836, 4; Buttmann, § 139, 32); — or the cause: ὅν παραδέχεται, because he acknowledges him as his own, Hebrews 12:6; — or the relative stands where ὥστε might be used (cf. Matthiae, § 479 a.; Krüger, § 51, 13, 10; (Kühner, § 563, 3 e.); Passow, under the word, VIII. 2, ii., p. 553b; (Liddell and Scott, as above)): Luke 5:21; Luke 7:49.
8. For the interrogative τίς, τί, in indirect questions (cf. Ellendt, Lex. Sophocles 2:372; (cf. Buttmann, § 139, 58)): οὐκ ἔχω ὁ παραθήσω, Luke 11:6; by a later Greek usage, in a direct question (cf. Winers Grammar, § 24, 4; Buttmann, § 139, 59): ἐφ' ὁ (or Rec. ἐφ' ᾧ) πάρει, Matthew 26:50 (on which (and the more than doubtful use of ὅς in direct question) see ἐπί, B. 2 a. ζ῾., p. 233b and C. I. 2 g. γ. αα., p. 235^b).
9. Joined to a preposition it forms a periphrasis for a conjunction (Buttmann, 105 (92)): ἀνθ' ὧν, for ἀντί τούτων ὅτι — because, Luke 1:20; Luke 19:44; Acts 12:23; 2 Thessalonians 2:10; for which reason, wherefore, Luke 12:3 (see ἀντί, 2 d.); ἐφ' ᾧ,.for that, since (see ἐπί, B. 2 a. δ., p. 233^a); ἀφ' οὗ (from the time that), when, since, Luke 13:25; Luke 24:21 (see ἀπό, I. 4 b., p. 58{b}); ἄχρις οὗ, see ἄχρι, 1 d.; ἐξ οὗ, whence, Philippians 3:20 cf. Winers Grammar, § 21, 3; (Buttmann, § 143, 4 a.); ἕως οὗ, until (see ἕως, II. 1 b. α., p. 268{b}); also μέχρις οὗ, Mark 13:30; ἐν ᾧ, while, Mark 2:19; Luke 5:34; John 5:7; ἐν οἷς, meanwhile, Luke 12:1; (cf. ἐν, I. 8 e.).
10. With particles: ὅς ἄν and ὅς ἐάν, whosoever, if any one ever, see ἄν, II. 2 and ἐάν, II., p. 163{a}; οὗ ἐάν, wheresoever (whithersoever) with subjunctive, 1 Corinthians 16:6 (cf. Buttmann, 105 (92)). ὅς γέ, see γέ, 2. ὅς καί, who also, he who (cf. Klotz ad Devar. 2:2, p. 636): Mark 3:19; Luke 6:13; Luke 10:39 (here WH brackets ἡ); John 21:20; Acts 1:11; Acts 7:45; Acts 10:39 (Rec. omits καί); Acts 12:4; 13:22; 24:6; Romans 5:2; 1 Corinthians 11:23; 2 Corinthians 3:6; Galatians 2:10; Hebrews 1:2, etc.; ὅς καί αὐτός, who also himself, who as well as others: Matthew 27:57. ὅς δήποτε, whosoever, John 5:4 Rec.; ὅσπερ (or ὅς περ L Tr text), who especially, the very one who (cf. Klotz ad Devar. 2:2, p. 724): Mark 15:6 (but here T WH Tr marginal reading now read ὅν παρῃτοῦντο, which see).
11. The genitive οὗ, used absolutely (cf. Winers Grammar, 690 (549) note; Jelf, § 522, Obs. 1), becomes an adverb (first so in Attic writings, cf. Passow, II., p. 546a; (Meisterhans, § 50, 1));
a. where (Latin ubi): Matthew 2:9; Matthew 18:20; Luke 4:16; Luke 23:53; Acts 1:13; Acts 12:12; Acts 16:13; Acts 20:6 (T Tr marginal reading ὅπου); Acts 25:10; 28:14; Romans 4:15; Romans 9:26; 2 Corinthians 3:17; Colossians 3:1; Hebrews 3:9; Revelation 17:15; after verbs denoting motion (see ἐκεῖ b.; ὅπου, 1 b.) it can be rendered whither (cf. Winers Grammar, § 54, 7; Buttmann, 71 (62)), Matthew 28:16; Luke 10:1; Luke 24:28; 1 Corinthians 16:6.
b. when (like Latin ubi equivalent to eo tempore quo, quom): Romans 5:20 (Euripides, Iph. Taur. 320) (but others take οὗ in Romans, the passage cited locally).

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