, etc. (Kö
).
d. על is used idiomatically to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting
upon him:
Psalm 42:6 [
Psalm 42:5] why art thou cast down, O my soul,
וַתֶּהֱמִי עָלַי and disquieted
upon me?
Psalm 42:7 [
Psalm 42:6] my soul
upon me is cast down,
Psalm 42:12 [
Psalm 42:11;
Psalm 43:5;
Lamentations 3:20;
Psalm 131:2 כְּגָמֻל עֲלֵי אִמּוֺ כַּגָּמוּל עָלַי נַפְשִׁי is my soul
upon me;
Psalm 142:4 [
Psalm 142:3]
רוּחִי עָלַי בְּהִתְעַטֵּף when my spirit faints
upon me,
Psalm 143:4;
Jonah 2:8 [
Jonah 2:7];
Jeremiah 8:18 ׃ דַוָּֽי לִבִּי עָלַי my heart
upon me is sick,
Job 14:22 (twice in verse) (compare Di),
Hosea 11:8 נהפך עלי לבי my heart is turned (altered)
upon me,
1 Samuel 17:32;
1 Samuel 25:36;
Nehemiah 5:7 עָלַי לִבִּי וַיִּמָּלֵךְ and my heart took counsel
upon me: compare
Psalm 42:5 [
Psalm 42:4] I will pour out my soul
upon me,
Job 30:16;
Job 10:1 אעזבה עלי שׂיחי I will let loose my complaint
upon me. (Thes
apud me, mecum. The rendering '
within me alters entirely the point of view of the Hebrew expression, and is incorrect.) Denoting with some emphasis the subject of an experience,
Job 30:2 כָּ֑לַח אבד עלימו,
Daniel 2:1 his sleep
נִהְיְתָה עָלָיו was done with
upon him (compare Aramaic
Daniel 6:19 [
H5922Daniel 6:18]
נַדַּת עֲלוֺהִי),
Daniel 10:8 עָלַי נֶהְפַּךְ וְהוֹדִי (compare
H5922Daniel 5:9;
H5922Daniel 7:28): also, rather differently,
Leviticus 18:18b Jeremiah 49:20 אִם לֹא יַשִׁים עֲלֵיהֶם נְוֵהֶם,
Micah 7:13;
Psalm 90:17b;
Psalm 7:9 [
Psalm 7:8] according to my perfectness
upon me,
Ezekiel 18:20;
Ezekiel 22:3;
2 Chronicles 36:8.
(b) The basis being conceived as involving the
ground,
על denotes the cause or reason,
on account of, because of,
Genesis 20:3 lo thou shalt die
עַל הָאִשָּׁה on account of the woman,
Genesis 21:12;
Genesis 26:7,
Genesis 26:9;
Genesis 27:41;
Genesis 42:21;
Leviticus 4:3,
Leviticus 4:28;
Leviticus 5:18;
Leviticus 19:17;
Leviticus 26:18,
Leviticus 26:24,
Leviticus 26:28;
Deuteronomy 9:18;
Deuteronomy 24:16 fathers shall not be put to death
עלבֿנים on account of children,
Deuteronomy 31:18;
Joshua 9:20;
H5291Jeremiah 1:16;
Jeremiah 5:9;
Ezekiel 18:26 עליהם (||
Ezekiel 33:18 בָּהֶם),
Proverbs 28:21;
Psalm 39:12 [
Psalm 39:11];
Psalm 50:8 + often;
Psalm 44:23 [
Psalm 44:22]
עָלֶיךָ הֹרַגְנוּ on thy account are we slain all the day,
Psalm 69:8 [
Psalm 69:7];
Jeremiah 15:15; in the phrases
עַל...
דְּבַר,
עַל אוֺדוֺת,
עַל זֹאת and
עַל זֶה on this
account,
עַל מָה on what
account ? עַלכֵּֿן =
therefore (see
דָּבָר,
אוֺדָה, etc.); before an infinitive, as
Exodus 17:7 וְעַל נַסּוֺתָם אֶתיֿ׳ and
on, account of their trying
י׳,
Amos 1:3 עַל דּוּשָׁם on account of their threshing = because they threshed,
Amos 1:6;
Amos 1:9;
Amos 1:11;
Amos 1:13, etc.,
Jeremiah 2:35 עַל אָמְרֵךְ because of thy saying,
Jeremiah 9:12 [
Jeremiah 9:13;
Jeremiah 16:18 +; and as a conjunction both with and without
אֲשֶׁר or
כִּי (see below
III). And so often of the ground or cause of fear, grief, delight, or other emotions, e.g.
Exodus 18:9;
Exodus 32:14 (
נִחַם repent: so often),
1 Samuel 4:13;
1 Samuel 30:6;
2 Samuel 1:26;
2 Samuel 3:8;
1 Kings 21:4;
2 Kings 6:11;
Jeremiah 10:19;
Amos 6:6.
(e) Of a
condition, or
attendant circumstances (rare; so
, W
AG ii § 59 e):
Psalm 50:5 זָ֑בַח׃ עֲלֵי upon, with sacrifice,
Psalm 92:4 [
Psalm 92:3 וגו׳ עָשׂוֹר עֲלֵי with a ten-stringed instrument,
with a harp,
with sounding music on a lyre;
עַל רִיב upon occasion of a law-suit
Exodus 23:2;
Ezekiel 44:24,
עַל יוֺם טוֺב 1 Samuel 25:8 (compare
at a time of...
Qoran [Koran] 28:14),
Nehemiah 12:22 (? read
עַד BeRy),
Isaiah 18:4 כְּחֹם צַח עֲלֵי אוֺר at time of sunshine,
Isaiah 64:11 [
Isaiah 64:12]
עַל אֵלֶּה,
Jeremiah 8:18;
עֲלֵי יָגוֺן at time of sorrow,
Jeremiah 16:7 (but Gie
עַל אָבֵל to): with abstract substantives to form a periphr. for adverbs,
Leviticus 5:22 [
Leviticus 6:3] and swear
עַל שֶׁקֶר upon falseness = falsely,
Jeremiah 6:14 =
Jeremiah 8:11 to heal a wound
עַל נְקַלָּה lightly, easily,
Psalm 31:24 [
Psalm 31:23]
עַל יֶתֶר =
abundantly,
Isaiah 60:7 עַל רָצוֺן =
acceptably (compare
=
with delight).
(f) It hence acquires the force of
in spite of, notwithstanding (so
, W
AG ii. § 59 h),
Job 10:7 עַל דַּעְתְּךָ in spite of thy knowing,
Job 34:6 משׁפטי על notwithstanding my right I am to be a liar (Di De Da RV: otherwise Hi RV
m). compare below,
III c b.
(g) Upon, concerning, with verbs of speaking, as
דִּבֶּר Judges 9:3;
1 Kings 5:13 [
1 Kings 4:33],
אָמַר,
Jeremiah 16:3;
Jeremiah 27:19 (||
אל)
Jeremiah 33:4, hearing
Genesis 41:15 שָׁמַעְתִּי עָלֶיךָ I have heard
concerning thee, saying, etc.,
1 Kings 10:6;
Isaiah 37:9 (||
2 Kings 19:9 אל), disputing
Genesis 26:11, telling
1 Samuel 27:11;
Joel 1:3, commanding
2 Samuel 14:8;
1 Kings 11:10, being vexed
1 Kings 21:4;
2 Kings 6:11, crying
2 Kings 8:5, confessing
Psalm 32:5;
Nehemiah 1:6; of the object of a prophecy or vision
1 Kings 22:8;
Isaiah 1:1;
Isaiah 2:1; and often with similar verbs.
3. It denotes
elevation or
pre-eminence, as
עליון על high (figurative)
above,
Deuteronomy 26:19 al.,
Deuteronomy 28:43 יעלה עליך will go up
above thee, compare
Proverbs 31:29;
Psalm 57:6 [
Psalm 57:5;
Psalm 57:12 [
Psalm 57:11 be thou exalted
above the heavens,
Psalm 89:8 [
Psalm 89:7];
Psalm 95:3;
Psalm 96:4, etc.,
Nehemiah 9:5; with words (which see) such as
גבר,
גדל,
חזק,
נשׂא (Ni. Pi. Hithp.),
עזז, and especially those denoting rule or superintendence, as
מלך,
הפקיד; so with
שָׁת,
היה,
נתן,
Genesis 41:33,
Genesis 41:40,
Genesis 41:43 שׂם;
1 Samuel 18:5; with
פָּקִיד,
שַׂר,
מֶלֶךְ, etc.,
Genesis 41:34;
Exodus 1:11;
Exodus 18:21, etc.; absolute
2 Samuel 8:16 Joab was
עלהֿצבא over the host,
2 Samuel 20:23b,
2 Samuel 20:24 1 Kings 4:4;
1 Kings 4:5;
1 Kings 4:6;
1 Kings 5:30 [
1 Kings 5:16];
Numbers 10:14ff.;
1 Chronicles 9:23,
1 Chronicles 9:26 ff.;
1 Chronicles 27:25 ff.;
2 Chronicles 30:17;
2 Chronicles 31:12;
אֲשֶׁר עַל בֵּיתוֺ of Joseph's steward
Genesis 43:16,
Genesis 43:19;
Genesis 44:1,
Genesis 44:4; and in the official titles
אֲשֶׁר עַלהַֿבַּיִת = the Governor of the Palace
Isaiah 22:15 and elsewhere (see
כַּיִת 6);
אֲשֶׁר עַלהַֿמַּם the overseer of the forced labour
1 Kings 12:18;
אשׁר עלהֿעיר the governor of the city
2 Kings 10:5,
אשׁר על המלתחה 2 Kings 10:22.
4. It expresses addition (compare ἐπὶ in Greek, e.g.ἐπὶ τούτοις); namely
a. introducing the complement of a verb, as with
יָסַף to add
upon or
to,
Psalm 61:7 [
Psalm 61:6] + often (see
יָסַף),
שָׁת to put
to Genesis 30:40,
נִלְוָה to be joined
to Numbers 18:24;
Isaiah 14:1 (also with
אֶל),
נָפַל to fall
to, i.e. desert to,
Jeremiah 21:9 +,
עבר to pass
over to Exodus 30:13,
Exodus 30:14;
Isaiah 45:14 (compare
Isaiah 60:5); also
Habakkuk 2:16 תִּסֹּב כּוֺם עַל Lamentations 4:21;
Esther 4:7;
נֶחְשַׁב to be reckoned
to Leviticus 25:31;
2 Samuel 4:2,
היה על Numbers 36:12;
Psalm 69:28 [
Psalm 69:27]
תְּנָה עָוֺן עַל עֲוֺנָם,
Isaiah 56:8 עוֺר אֲקַבֵּץ עָלָיו I will yet gather (others)
unto him.
b. Used absolutely, as
Genesis 28:9 he took Mahalath
עַל נָשָׁיו in addition to his (other) wives,
Genesis 31:50 (compare
אל Leviticus 18:18),
Numbers 31:8 עַל חַלְלֵיהֶם in addition to their slain (||
Joshua 13:22 אֶל),
Deuteronomy 23:14 [
Deuteronomy 23:13];
Ezekiel 16:37,
Ezekiel 16:43;
Ezekiel 25:10;
Isaiah 32:10 יָמִים עַל שָׁנָה days
upon, in addition to, a year,
2 Chronicles 31:15 יָמִים עַל יָמִים,
Ezekiel 7:26 הֹוָה עַל הֹוָה תָבוֺא (||
אל),
Jeremiah 4:20 (if
נִקְרָא =
be proclaimed),
Job 16:14 עַל־פְּנֵי־פָ֑רֶץ פֶרֶץ יִפְרְצֵנִי (compare Lag
M iii. 112; also Iliad 14:130
ἕλκος ἐφ’ ἕλκει, Odyssey 7:120f; Qoran 31:13). So often in laws of P (compare
c),
Leviticus 7:12 he shall offer
הַתּוֹדָה עַל־זֶבַח in addition to the sacrifice of thanksgiving, etc.,
Leviticus 7:13b Numbers 6:20;
Numbers 15:9;
Numbers 28:10,
Numbers 28:15,
Numbers 28:24 (compare
מִלְּבַר Numbers 28:31;
Numbers 29:6),
Numbers 35:6;
Ezekiel 16:43 (Hi Sm RV: compare
Ezekiel 44:7 אל).
c. Hence by an easy transition it denotes
together with, with,
Exodus 35:22 men
together with (
עַל) women,
Job 38:32 וְעַיִשׁ עַלבָּֿנֶיהָ תַנְחֵם and the Bear
with her children, wilt thou lead them?
1 Kings 15:20;
Jeremiah 3:18 the house of Israel
with the house of Judah,
Micah 5:2 [
Micah 5:3 (Ca Ke Kue; but al. as
7c a),
Genesis 32:12 [
Genesis 32:11] lest he come and smite me,
אֵם עַל בָּנִים the mother
with the children (compare
Hosea 10:14;
Deuteronomy 22:6); and as a technical term in the regulations for sacrifice, especially with
אכל,
Exodus 12:8,
יאֹכְלֻהוּ עַלמְֿדֹרִים together with bitter herbs they shall eat it,
Exodus 12:9 his head
with (
על) his legs, etc.,
Numbers 9:11;
Deuteronomy 16:3 לֹאתֿאֹכַל עָלָיו חָמֵץ (compare
Exodus 23:18;
Exodus 34:25),
Exodus 34:3; in the phrase
אכל על הדם to eat
with the blood
1 Samuel 14:32,
1 Samuel 14:33 (
1 Samuel 14:34 אל),
Leviticus 19:26;
Ezekiel 33:25 (compare in Greek e.g.
ἐπὶ τῷ σίτῳ πίνειν ὕδωρ); see also
Leviticus 2:2,
Leviticus 2:16;
Leviticus 3:4 (so
Leviticus 3:10;
Leviticus 3:15;
Leviticus 4:9;
Leviticus 7:4),
Leviticus 4:11;
Leviticus 7:13a,
Leviticus 7:30;
Leviticus 10:15;
Leviticus 14:31;
Leviticus 23:18;
Leviticus 23:20;
Numbers 6:17;
Numbers 19:5;
1 Chronicles 7:4.
5. It expresses the idea of being suspended, or extended,
over anything, without however being in contact with it, above, over:
Genesis 1:20 let fowl fly
over the earth,
Genesis 19:23 השׁמשׁ יצא על had come forth
upon the earth (compare
זרח על Exodus 22:2 [
Exodus 22:3] +;
בא על go down [set]
upon Deuteronomy 24:15;
Micah 3:6;
Job 25:3),
Numbers 10:34;
Numbers 14:14 and thy cloud stood
עליהם over them,
Deuteronomy 28:23 the heavens
עלרֿאשׁך above overthy head,
Isaiah 4:5;
Isaiah 60:1,
Isaiah 60:2;
Zephaniah 2:11;
Zechariah 9:14;
Psalm 7:8 [
Psalm 7:7 over it return thou on high,
Job 29:3 רֹאשִׁי עֲלֵי נֵרוֹ בְּהִלּוֹ (compare
על דעך be extinguished
over,
Job 18:6),
Songs 2:4 his banner
over me: figurative of protection
Deuteronomy 32:38;
Psalm 68:35 [
Psalm 68:34]: with verbs of motion (expressed or implied),
נשׁקף על to incline
over 1 Samuel 13:18 +,
ידו על נטה)
Exodus 14:16;
Isaiah 23:11 + (compare
Psalm 21:12 [
Psalm 21:11]),
הניף על to swing
over Isaiah 11:15;
Isaiah 19:16;
השׁמיע על to proclaim
over Jeremiah 4:16;
Amos 3:9, compare
Numbers 10:10;
2 Chronicles 13:12,
שׁם על נקרא a name to be called
over 2 Samuel 12:28 + (see
קרא).
6. From the sense of inclining or impending over, על comes to denote contiguity or proximity, English by (or sometimes on): —
a. in designating localities, especially those beside water,
Genesis 14:16 עַלהַֿמִּדְבָּר by the wilderness,
Genesis 16:7 עַל עֵין הַמַּיִם by the spring of water,
Genesis 24:13,
Genesis 24:30;
Genesis 29:2 three flocks lying
עָלֶיהָ by it (the well),
Genesis 41:1;
Numbers 3:26;
Numbers 13:29 עלהֿים by the sea,
Numbers 22:5;
Numbers 24:6 gardens
עֲלֵי נָהָר Deuteronomy 3:12;
Deuteronomy 33:8;
Judges 5:19;
1 Samuel 1:9 על מזוזת היכל י׳ (
Ezekiel 46:2),
1 Samuel 4:1;
2 Kings 2:7 and they stood
עלהֿירדן by the Jordan,
2 Kings 25:4;
Isaiah 19:7;
Isaiah 38:20;
Psalm 1:3 planted
by water-courses,
Jeremiah 17:2,
Jeremiah 17:8;
Job 30:4;
Job 31:9 על פתח by the entrance,
Proverbs 14:19, + often;
על הדרך by the way
Genesis 38:21;
1 Samuel 24:4 [
1 Samuel 24:3];
Ezekiel 48:24ff.
על גבולו adjoining his border;
עבר על to pass
by a place
1 Kings 9:18;
Jeremiah 18:16 +, figurative
עבר על פשׁע to pass
by transgression, i.e. to overlook it,
Micah 7:18 and elsewhere:
על יְמִין ֗֗֗ on the right of...
Psalm 110:5 +,
עַליַד ֗֗֗,
עַל יֶרֶךְ ֗֗֗,
עַל כֶּתֶף ֗֗֗ on the side of... (see these words): less frequently (except as
c) with reference to persons>,
Numbers 2:5 וְהַחֹנִים עָלָיו and those encamping
next him,
Numbers 2:12;
Numbers 2:20;
Numbers 2:27;
Numbers 6:9 וכי ימות מת עליו,
2 Kings 11:11 by the king round about (compare
Numbers 3:26 above),
עבר על פ׳ H5921 Genesis 18:5;
2 Kings 4:9 +.
c. Idiomatically, with
עָמַד and
נִצַּב to stand
by (literally
over, — originally no doubt with reference to one supposed to be seated),
Genesis 18:2 three men
נִצָּבִים עָלָיו standing
by him,
Genesis 18:8 and he
עֹמֵד עליו standing
by him under the tree,
Genesis 24:30 by the camels,
Genesis 28:13;
1 Samuel 4:20;
2 Samuel 1:9;
2 Samuel 12:17;
2 Samuel 20:11,
2 Samuel 20:12;
Amos 7:7; especially of persons standing
about a superior, as servants or courtiers,
Genesis 45:1;
Judges 3:19;
1 Samuel 22:6,
1 Samuel 22:7,
1 Samuel 22:17, of persons surrounding a judge
Exodus 18:13,
Exodus 18:14, of
י׳'s heavenly ministers,
1 Kings 22:19 (compare
Isaiah 6:2 ממעל לו), Zechariah 4:16, and with
התיצב Zechariah 6:5;
Job 1:6;
Job 2:1; also of one standing
by (properly leaning
over) an altar or sacrifice
Numbers 23:3,
Numbers 23:6;
1 Kings 13:1 (compare
7b)
Amos 9:1; of an Ashérah
by an altar
Judges 6:25,
Judges 6:28 (compare
אֵצֶל Deuteronomy 16:21).
7. In connection with verbs of motion (actual or figurative): —
a. of motion from a higher place downwards, down upon: thus
(a) המטיר על to rain
upon Genesis 2:5;
Genesis 19:24,
ירד על Genesis 15:11,
יצק על to pour
upon Genesis 28:18,
נפל על צוארי פ׳ Genesis 33:4,
נפל על פניו to fall
on his (own) face
Genesis 17:3,
Genesis 17:17,
שׂם על to put
upon,
Genesis 21:14;
Genesis 22:6,
Genesis 22:99;
Genesis 24:47 (
Genesis 24:22 Sam Di),
נתן על כף to place
on the hand of...
Genesis 40:11,
Genesis 40:21,
השׁליך על 2 Samuel 20:12, etc.; compare
Job 29:22 וְעָלֵימוֺ תִּטֹּף מִלָּתִי,
Micah 3:5;
Nahum 3:12.
(b) In different figurative connections, as of sleep falling
upon one,
Genesis 2:21;
Genesis 15:12; of fear
Genesis 9:2;
1 Samuel 11:7 (see
פַּחַר,
חֲרָדָה,
אֵימָה); of good or bad fortune, especially the latter, coming
upon one, as with
בוא and
הביא,
Genesis 27:12;
Deuteronomy 28:2 (in good sense),
Deuteronomy 28:15,
Jeremiah 5:12;
Jeremiah 19:3 (
רעה, as often); of retribution, reproach, the Divine wrath, etc., with different verbs (
הביא,
נתן,
ירד,
חול,
היה, etc.), as
Genesis 20:9;
Numbers 12:11 חטאה;
Genesis 42:36 עַלַי הָיוּ כֻלָּנָה upon me are they all;
Numbers 18:5 + (
היה קֶצֶף על);
Deuteronomy 19:10 דם (compare
אל 2 Samuel 21:2 
We Dr),
Judges 9:24;
1 Kings 2:32;
2 Samuel 16:8;
Hosea 12:15 [
Hosea 12:14];
2 Samuel 3:29;
2 Samuel 15:14;
1 Samuel 11:2 חרפה;
Jeremiah 14:16;
Jeremiah 26:15 דם נקי (||
אל),
Jonah 1:14;
Ezekiel 7:3,
Ezekiel 7:4,
Ezekiel 7:8;
Ezekiel 23:40;
Ezekiel 36:29;
Psalm 7:17 [
Psalm 7:16];
Psalm 94:2;
Psalm 94:23;
Psalm 109:5 וישׂימו עלי רעה תחת טובה (
lay upon me: but Hu
וישיבו,
Proverbs 17:13),
Psalm 140:11;
שָׁפַךְ חֵמָה על Ezekiel 7:8 + often; without a verb,
Genesis 16:5 חֲמָסִי עָלֶיךָ my wrong be
upon thee,
Jeremiah 51:35 (||
אל);
Genesis 27:13 עלי קללתך;
Genesis 38:29 (accents, RVm);
2 Samuel 1:16 דמיך על ראשׁך;
2 Samuel 14:9 עָלַי הֶעָוֺן;
Isaiah 24:17;
Jeremiah 48:43;
Jeremiah 50:27;
Ezekiel 13:3 הוֺי על ֗֗֗;
Psalm 55:16 [
Psalm 55:15] Kt.; of a blessing,
Exodus 32:29;
Psalm 3:9 [
Psalm 3:8], a curse
Deuteronomy 30:7, mercies (probably conceived specifically as descending
from heaven)
Psalm 33:22;
Psalm 86:13;
Psalm 90:17;
Psalm 103:17 (with
גבר be mighty
over or
upon,
Psalm 33:11;
Psalm 117:2),
Psalm 116:12;
Psalm 145:9;
Ezra 3:11,
שׁלום Psalm 125:5 ;
Psalm 128:6;
1 Chronicles 22:9.
(c) Introducing the object
upon which an action, or emotion, especially if accompanied by a gesture, is conceived as being directed (but with some of these words, especially when they refer to an
event, rather than a person, as
Exodus 18:9,
על is to be explained from
1f b). Thus with verbs denoting the manifestation of joy or grief, as
שׂושׂ to rejoice
over,
גיל,
שׂמח,
התענג,
התפאר,
שׂחק,
אבל,
ספד,
שׁמם,
בכה Judges 11:37 +,
נשׂא (
משׁל)
קינה to take up a lament, or proverb,
over (see these words); probably also in
הִנָּבֵא על prophecy
over Ezekiel 11:4;
Ezekiel 13:17 +; with
חוּס,
חָמַל,
רִחַם to shew compassion
on (compare
1 Kings 3:26; [
Genesis 43:30 אל],
Songs 5:4; [
Jeremiah 31:20 ל]); with
שׁמר,
שׁקד,
הֵעִיר (
Job 8:6) to guard or watch
over; with
יעץ to counsel
upon Isaiah 14:26 +,
חשׁב to devise (usually in bad sense,
Jeremiah 29:11 in good),
דִּבֶּר (
רעה Jeremiah 11:17 +,
טובה Jeremiah 18:20;
Jeremiah 32:42),
הֵקִים דָּבָר Jeremiah 29:10. Of more distinctly phys. acts, with
בכה to weep
on Genesis 45:14,
Genesis 45:15 +,
שׁרק to hiss,
ספק or
תקע כף to clap the hand,
הִכָּה כף Ezekiel 22:13 (||
אל);
Isaiah 5:30 to growl
over,
Isaiah 31:4;
Ezekiel 36:2;
Job 30:5;
הִתְוַדָּה to confess
over (the goat),
Leviticus 16:21;
Exodus 30:10a (probably);
Deuteronomy 21:6;
Job 6:27; Job 40:30 [
Job 41:6].
b. From a lower place upwards,
up upon, up to, as
עלה על to go up
upon: Exodus 20:26;
1 Samuel 2:28;
1 Kings 12:33b 2 Kings 16:12b 2 Chronicles 1:6 (an
altar, i.e. to a ledge beside it; compare
2 Kings 23:9, and
ירד Leviticus 9:22;
1 Kings 1:53);
Judges 9:51;
Isaiah 14:14;
Isaiah 40:9, etc.; to come up
upon (in different connections)
Exodus 10:12;
Leviticus 16:9 (figurative),
Leviticus 19:19;
1 Samuel 1:11;
1 Samuel 6:7;
1 Kings 10:16,
1 Kings 10:17; figurative
עלה על לב Isaiah 65:17 + (see
לב,
לבב,
3d); in Hiph.
1 Kings 20:33 וַיַּעֲלֵהוּ עַל הַמֶּרְכָּבָה,
Amos 8:10 (compare
1a a),
2 Samuel 1:24;
Ezekiel 37:6;
Psalm 137:6 (figurative),
2 Chronicles 3:5,
2 Chronicles 3:14 (=
ornamented with);
Deuteronomy 28:61 (compare
Exodus 15:26b);
2 Chronicles 20:34 the history of Jehu which
הֹעֲלָח עַל was brought up upon (i.e. inserted in) the book of, etc. (compare
2 Chronicles 32:32; and
כתב על above
1); compare
נטה יד עלהֿשׁמים up to heaven Exodus 9:22;
Exodus 10:21;
Exodus 17:16.
c. Expressing direction towards (not common, except in sense against: see below) —
(a) with verbs of motion, properly of a person (or thing) moving to another so as either to stand
above, or rest
upon, it (compare Pusey
Min. Pr. 333),
Exodus 34:12 הארץ אשׁר אתה בא עליה (simile, of a land, or place,
Exodus 18:23;
Numbers 11:12;
1 Kings 2:26 עֲנָתֹת לֵךָ עַלשָֿׂדֶיךָ,
Ezekiel 32:9;
Jeremiah 3:18b;
Jeremiah 16:13;
Jeremiah 22:26, and after
שׁוּב or
הֵשִׁיב Jeremiah 16:15;
Jeremiah 22:27;
Jeremiah 23:3;
Jeremiah 24:6 [but
אֶל Jeremiah 27:22;
Jeremiah 30:3 al.],
Ezekiel 29:14;
Genesis 40:13 וֶהֱשִׁיבְךָ עלכַּֿנָּ֑ךָ,
Genesis 41:13;
Genesis 30:33 כִּי תָבאֹ עַל שְׂכָרִי to view my hire;
בא על נפשׁ מֵת to enter in
upon or
beside a corpse;
בא על אשׁה Genesis 19:31;
Deuteronomy 25:5 (usually
אל);
Joshua 3:16 מַיִם יֹרְדִים עַל יָם,
Ezekiel 47:8;
1 Kings 18:12 יִשָּֽׂאֲךָ עַלאֲֿשֶׁר לֹאאֵֿדָ֑ע,
Psalm 19:7 [
Psalm 19:6];
2 Kings 16:12;
2 Chronicles 20:24;
Isaiah 53:1 upon whom (coming from above) was
י׳'s arm revealed?
Isaiah 62:10 העמים הרימו נֵס על over towards (but
Isaiah 49:22 אל): but often it is dubious if this force is perceptible; and in general
על in such cases seems to be used merely as a synonym — perhaps as a slightly more graphic synonym — of
אֶל (compare p. 41); in the later language, also, it may be due partly to the influence of Aramaic, which does not use
אֶל; thus
(
α) with a
personal object, with
assemble or
be assembled,
Exodus 32:1;
2 Samuel 17:11;
1 Kings 8:5;
1 Kings 11:24;
2 Kings 22:20 (
2 Chronicles 34:28 and usually
אל),
2 Chronicles 13:7,
עלה Genesis 38:12;
Joshua 2:8;
1 Samuel 14:10 (
1 Samuel 14:9;
1 Samuel 14:12 אל),
עבר 1 Samuel 14:4 (
1 Samuel 14:1 אל),
בא 2 Samuel 15:4 (see Dr)
1 Chronicles 12:23f [
1 Chronicles 12:22],
יצא 2 Kings 24:12,
הוליך 2 Kings 25:20,
נגע Judges 20:34,
Judges 20:41 (compare
Isaiah 6:7;
Jeremiah 1:9),
נס Isaiah 10:3,
הלך Isaiah 22:15 (
אל ֗֗֗ על),
נשׂא Isaiah 30:6,
שׁלח 2 Kings 18:27 (
על ֗֗֗ אל ֗֗֗ על : ||
Isaiah 36:12 אל ֗֗֗ אל ֗֗֗ על),
Jeremiah 26:15;
Jeremiah 29:31;
1 Chronicles 13:2;
2 Chronicles 28:16;
2 Chronicles 30:1;
2 Chronicles 32:9,
2 Chronicles 32:31;
2 Chronicles 36:15;
Nehemiah 6:3,
נגשׁ Ezekiel 9:6,
שׁב,
השׁיב Nehemiah 4:6 [
Nehemiah 4:12];
Malachi 3:24 [
Malachi 4:6 (see
c), followed by
על י׳ 2 Chronicles 15:4;
2 Chronicles 30:9,
התיצּב 2 Chronicles 11:13; letters going
על פ׳ Nehemiah 2:7;
Nehemiah 6:17a (
Nehemiah 6:17b אל).
(
β) of
places,
Genesis 24:49;
2 Samuel 2:19 +
על ימין to the right; with
הלך 1 Samuel 2:11;
1 Kings 20:43 עלבֿיתו (
1 Kings 21:4 אל),
2 Samuel 15:20 ואני הולך על אשׁר אני הולך,
Jeremiah 1:7;
Ezekiel 1:20 (
Ezekiel 1:12 אל),
הוליך 1 Kings 1:38 (
1 Kings 1:33 אל),
נהר Micah 4:1 (||
Isaiah 2:2 אל),
Jeremiah 31:12 (
אל ֗֗֗ על),
נגשׁ Ezekiel 44:13 (||
אל),
עלה 1 Samuel 24:23 [
1 Samuel 24:22];
2 Samuel 19:1 [
2 Samuel 18:33;
1 Kings 6:8 (||
אל),
Ezekiel 41:7,
בא Jeremiah 14:3;
Jeremiah 51:51, (
על הר)
הביא Isaiah 66:20 (
Isaiah 56:7 אל),
ירד Jeremiah 36:12,
הִטָּה Proverbs 21:1,
הסיר 2 Samuel 6:10 (||
1 Chronicles 13:13 אל),
נתן Isaiah 29:12 (
Isaiah 29:11 אל)
Micah 1:14;
Micah 3:5;
Genesis 42:37,
השׁיב,
שׁב,
Numbers 33:7;
Jeremiah 11:10 (figurative,
עַל עֲוֺנוֺת),
Psalm 35:13;
Job 34:15 (
Genesis 3:19 אל),
Proverbs 26:11;
Ecclesiastes 1:6;
1 Kings 17:21,
1 Kings 17:22 (compare
1 Samuel 30:12 אל),
השׁתחוה Leviticus 26:11 (probably),
Isaiah 60:14; pregnantly
Isaiah 24:22 אֻסְּפוּ עַל בּוֺר be collected (and delivered)
into a dungeon: compare
חוּשׁ עַל Job 31:5 (figurative), also to requite
עַלחֵֿיק Isaiah 65:6,
Isaiah 65:7 Kt. (
Jeremiah 32:18;
Psalm 79:12 אל). After
נראה appear,
Psalm 90:16 (
אל ֗֗֗ על). And
as far as, unto (nearly =
יַד)
Genesis 49:13 צִידוֺן עַל וְיַרְכָתוֹ ,
Joshua 2:7;
Joshua 18:13;
Joshua 19:12;
Jeremiah 31:39;
Ezekiel 47:18;
Ezekiel 48:21,
Ezekiel 48:28;
Psalm 48:11 [
Psalm 48:10];
1 Chronicles 5:16.
(b) With
אמר say
to,
2 Kings 22:8;
Jeremiah 18:11 (
אל ֗֗֗ על),
Jeremiah 22:6;
Jeremiah 23:2,
Jeremiah 23:35 (
על ֗֗֗ אל),
Jeremiah 36:29;
Jeremiah 44:20 (
אל ֗֗֗ על),
דבר 1 Samuel 1:13 (
Genesis 24:45 אל),
1 Kings 9:5;
Hosea 12:11 [
Hosea 12:10;
Jeremiah 6:10;
Jeremiah 10:1;
Jeremiah 11:2 (
אל ֗֗֗ על), speak
to Jeremiah 25:2 (
על ֗֗֗ אל),
Jeremiah 26:2, compare
Esther 1:17,
היה דבר י׳ Jeremiah 25:1;
1 Chronicles 22:8; compare
1 Chronicles 11:10,
ענה 2 Samuel 19:43 [
2 Samuel 19:42],
קרא Isaiah 34:14;
2 Chronicles 32:18,
שִׁוַּע Psalm 18:42 [
Psalm 18:41,
הֵרַע 1 Kings 17:20,
שֹׁרֵר,
שָׁר sing Proverbs 25:20;
Job 33:27,
החליק Proverbs 29:5 (
Psalm 36:3 [
Psalm 36:2]
אל),
התפלל 1 Samuel 1:10,
כתב 2 Chronicles 30:1;
Ezra 4:7;
Esther 8:8,
שׁמע 2 Kings 20:13 (=
Isaiah 39:2),
Isaiah 22:13;
Jeremiah 23:16;
Jeremiah 26:5;
Jeremiah 35:18;
Haggai 1:12; see also
הקשׁיב,
האזין,
הבין,
התבונן,
השׂכיל.
d. In a hostile sense,
upon, against: so very often, after every kind of verb expressing or implying attack, as
בא Genesis 34:25,
Genesis 34:27,
נֶאֱסַף Genesis 34:30,
קצף to be angry
Genesis 40:2,
לון to murmur
Exodus 15:24 עמד stand up
Leviticus 19:16 +,
קָם rise up
Deuteronomy 19:11;
Amos 7:9,
נלחם Deuteronomy 20:10,
חנה 1 Samuel 11:1;
Psalm 27:3,
עלה 2 Kings 17:3,
חרה אף Zechariah 10:3 (usually
בְּ),
שׁפך סללה Isaiah 37:33,
צוּר besiege
Deuteronomy 20:12,
חשׁב to devise
Genesis 50:20;
Jeremiah 11:19,
דִּבֶּר Deuteronomy 13:6 [
Deuteronomy 13:5] +, etc.: add
Job 16:4 (twice in verse);
Job 16:9,
Job 16:10,
Job 16:13;
Job 19:12;
Job 21:27;
Job 30:12, etc.;
היה על 2 Samuel 11:23;
Numbers 31:3:
עָלַיִךְ הִנְנִי (see
אֶל 4); note also
Judges 9:31;
Judges 20:5: without a verb
Isaiah 9:20 [
Isaiah 9:21];
Judges 16:12 פלשׁתים עליך the Philistines are
upon thee,
Judges 20:9 עָלֶיהָ בְּגוֺרָל Against it by lot !
8. By writers of the silver age,
על is sometimes used with the force of a
dative,
1 Chronicles 13:2 אִם עֲלֵיבֶם טוֺב (in classical Hebrew
בְּעֵינֵיכֶם) if it seems
good to you,
אִם עַל הַמֶּלֶךְ טוֺב †
Nehemiah 2:5,
Nehemiah 2:7;
Esther 1:19;
Esther 3:9;
Esther 5:4,
Esther 5:8;
Esther 7:3;
Esther 8:5;
Esther 9:13 (compare in Aramaic
Ezra 5:17;
Ezra 7:18);
עַל שָׁפַר Psalm 16:6 (compare in Aramaic
Daniel 4:24 [
Daniel 4:27]);
עָרַב עַל Psalm 104:34 (elsewhere
לְ);
עַל רַע Ecclesiastes 2:17 (see De; compare
בְּאֵשׁ עַל Daniel 6:15 [
Daniel 6:14]): compare
Job 22:2 סָכַן על be profitable
to,
Job 33:23; also
גָּמַל עַל (in both good and bad sense: see
גמל),
Nehemiah 5:19 עשׂה על,
Nehemiah 9:30 משׁך על prolong (mercy)
to;
הִטָּה חֶסֶד עַל Ezra 7:28;
Ezra 9:9 (
Genesis 39:21 אל):
1 Samuel 20:8 read probably
עם for
על. Compare Mishna
חביב על, dear
to;
סני על hateful
to; Syriac
,
, pleasant, acceptable
to. — Compare in general the uses of
, W
AG ii. § 59.
III. As
conjunction:
c. עַל alone:
(b) notwithstanding that (above,
1f f),
although, †
Isaiah 53:9 חָמָס עָשָׂה עַל לֹא although he did no violence,
Job 16:7 בְּכַפָּ֑י חָמָם לֹא עַל.
IV. Compounds: —
1. with כְּ (rare and late),
b. (pleon. for
כְּ),
Isaiah 59:18 כְּעַל גְּמֻלוֺת כְּעַל יְשַׁלֵּם the like of their deeds is
the like of (that which) he will repay (
כְּעַל repeated on the analogue of
כְּ Numbers 15:15;
Hosea 4:9: see
כְּ) =
according to their deeds is (that which) he will repay,
Isaiah 63:7 according to.
2. מֵעַל 304 from upon, from over, from by — used with much delicacy of application in many different connections, corresponding mostly with the different senses of על. Thus
a. from upon idiomatically, when removal, motion, etc., from a
surface is involved, as
מעל האדמה,
מעל פני האדמה from upon (the face of) the ground, usually with expel, destroy, perish, etc.
Genesis 4:14;
Genesis 6:7;
Genesis 7:4;
Exodus 32:12;
Deuteronomy 6:15;
Deuteronomy 28:21,
Deuteronomy 28:63 — Jeremiah and compiler of Kings; to be lifted up
הארץ מעל Genesis 7:17;
Ezekiel 1:19,
Ezekiel 1:21 +, to return or be dried (of water)
מעל הארץ Genesis 8:3,
Genesis 8:7,
Genesis 8:11,
Genesis 8:13; to roll a stone
הַבְּאֵר פִּימֵעַל Genesis 29:3; of the cloud departing
האהל מעל Numbers 9:17;
Numbers 12:10, compare
Nehemiah 9:19; to rise up
הַכִּסֵּא מֵעַל Judges 3:20;
1 Kings 2:4,
מֵעַל מִשְׁכָּבוֺ 2 Samuel 11:2; to alight (
נָפַל)
הַגָּמָל מֵעַל Genesis 24:64 (compare
Joshua 15:18 צנח,
1 Samuel 25:23 ירד),
ירד מֵעַל הַמֶּרְכָּבָה Judges 4:15;
2 Kings 5:21 (
נפל); to take
רֹאשׁ מֵעַל Genesis 40:19;
2 Samuel 12:30,
מֵעַל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ Leviticus 16:12;
Numbers 17:11 [
Numbers 16:46];
Isaiah 6:6; to see
מֵעַל הַגָּנ 2 Samuel 11:2; to shoot
מֵעַל הַחוֺמָה 2 Samuel 11:20;
2 Samuel 11:24; to speak
הַכַּפֹּרֶת מֵעַל Exodus 25:22;
Numbers 7:89; to cast down
מֵעַל יָדַיִם Deuteronomy 9:17;
Leviticus 8:28 (
כַּפַּיִם); to break, remove, etc., a yoke (
צוארך)
מעל שׁכמך Genesis 27:40;
Isaiah 10:27;
Jeremiah 28:10,
Jeremiah 28:11; to wipe tears
כָּל־פָּנִים מֵעַל Isaiah 25:8; to take a bandage
מעל עיניו 1 Kings 20:41 (compare
על 1 Kings 20:38); often of putting off a garment or ornament., as
Genesis 38:14,
Genesis 38:19 וַתָּסַר צְעִיפָהּ מֵעָלֶיהָ,
Exodus 33:5 הוֺרֵד עֶדְיְךָ מֵעָלֶיךָ, a sandal
Exodus 3:5;
Joshua 5:15, a ring
מֵעַל יָדוֺ Genesis 41:42; to seek (
דרשׁ), or hear, words
מֵעַל הַסֵּפֶר Isaiah 34:16;
Jeremiah 36:11 (compare
כתב על ספד above); pregnantly with
בָּלָה to wear away (and fall)
from off,
Deuteronomy 8:4;
Deuteronomy 29:4 [
Deuteronomy 29:5], compare of the bones or skin in disease
Job 30:17 עֲצָמַי נִקַּר מֵעָלָ֑י are pierced (and drop)
from off me,
Job 30:30 עוֺרִי שָׁחַר מעלי is black (and falls)
from off me; figurative
1 Samuel 1:11 הָסִירִי יֵינֵךְ מֵעָלַיִךְ remove thy wine
from off thee;
Numbers 14:9 סָר צִלָּם מֵעֲלֵיהֶם;
Judges 16:19,
Judges 16:20 סר מעליו י׳ (with allusion to the hair, as the seat of Samson's strength),
1 Samuel 16:23 (compare
על in
1 Samuel 16:16).
b. Of relief from a burden or trouble: as of a plague, stroke, rod, etc., removed
from (resting)
on one,
Exodus 10:17 וְיָסֵר מֵעָלַי אֶתהַֿמָּוֶת הַזֶּה,
Numbers 21:7;
Numbers 25:8 וַתֵּעָצַר הַמַּגֵּפָה מֵעַל ישׂר׳ 2 Samuel 24:21,
2 Samuel 24:25),
Psalm 39:11 [
Psalm 39:10]
הָסֵר מֵעָלַי נִגְעֶ֑ךָ,
Job 9:34;
Job 13:21;
Joel 2:20; of reproach
Joshua 5:9;
Isaiah 25:8;
Psalm 119:22, iniquity
Ezekiel 18:31;
Zechariah 3:4, bloodguiltiness,
1 Kings 2:31, wrath
Judges 8:3;
Numbers 25:11;
Proverbs 24:18, murmurings
Numbers 17:21 [
Numbers 17:6];
Numbers 17:25 [
Numbers 17:10];
הֵקֵל מֵעַל to lighten
from upon one
Exodus 18:22 +;
Amos 5:23 שִׁירֶיךָ הֲמוֹן מֵעָלַי הָסֵר; pregnantly
Jonah 1:11,
Jonah 1:12 that the sea
יִשְׁתֹּק מֵעָלֵינוּ may be calm
from off us; to remove, etc.,
פָּנַי מֵעַל (see
פָּנִים);
1 Samuel 6:20 to whom shall he go up
מֵעָלֵינוּ — not merely 'from us,' but —
from upon us (relieving us of his presence), so often of an army retiring from a country or raising a siege,
2 Samuel 10:14 ויָּשָׁב יוֺאָב מֵעַל בְּנֵי עַמּוֺן,
2 Samuel 20:21 הָעִיר מֵעַל וְאֵלְכָה,
2 Samuel 20:22;
2 Kings 3:27;
2 Kings 18:14, especially with
עָלָה,
נַעֲלָה 1 Kings 15:19;
Jeremiah 21:2;
Jeremiah 37:5,
Jeremiah 37:11 +;
2 Samuel 19:10 [
2 Samuel 19:9] David fled
מעל אבשׁלום from Absalom (whom his presence had encumbered),
Nehemiah 13:28 וָאַבְרִיחֵהוּ מֵעָלַי, compare
Genesis 13:11;
Genesis 25:6;
Numbers 20:21 מֵעָלָיו וַיֵּט ישׂר׳,
2 Chronicles 20:10;
Exodus 10:28 לֵךְ מֵעָלַי (contemptuously; be no more obnoxious to me), similarly
2 Samuel 13:17 שׁלחונֿא אתזֿאת מעלי (Amnon of Tamar).
c. From beside (compare
על 6c), in different
nuances: Genesis 17:22 God went up
מעל אברהם from beside A.,
Genesis 35:13;
Genesis 18:3 אל נא תעבר מעל עבדך (compare
על Genesis 18:5),
Genesis 42:24;
Numbers 16:25,
Numbers 16:27;
1 Kings 1:53 to come down
מֵעַל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ (compare
על 1 Kings 13:1;
6c and
7b);
from attendance on Genesis 45:1 (compare
על ib.),
Judges 3:19 וְיֵּצְאוּ מֵעָלָיו כָּלהָֿעֹמְדִים עָלָיו 1 Samuel 17:15 (see Dr),
2 Samuel 13:9, compare
1 Samuel 13:8,
1 Samuel 13:11;
2 Kings 25:5 (
Jeremiah 36:21 read
עַל,
מ being dittograph), compare
2 Chronicles 35:15;
from attachment to,
רָחַק מֵעַל י׳ Jeremiah 2:5;
Ezekiel 11:15;
Ezekiel 44:10, compare
Ezekiel 8:6,
סָר מֵעַל י׳ Jeremiah 32:40;
Ezekiel 6:9,
תָּעָה מֵעַל י׳ Ezekiel 44:10,
Ezekiel 44:15, compare
Ezekiel 14:5;
Deuteronomy 13:11 [
Deuteronomy 13:10]; also
סָר מֵעַל חַטּאֹות 2 Kings 10:31;
2 Kings 15:18 (usually
מֵחטאות), compare
Ezekiel 14:6;
Ezekiel 23:18;
from companionship with,
Job 19:13 אַחַי מֵעַלַי הִרְחִיק;
from accompanying protectingly 1 Samuel 28:15 וֵאלֹהִים סָר מֵעַלַי,
1 Samuel 28:16 (compare
על Psalm 110:5; and see Dr);
from adhesion to 2 Kings 17:21 דָּוִד בֵּית מֵעַל ישׂראל קָרַע,
Isaiah 7:17;
Isaiah 56:3 יַבְדִּילַנִי מֵעַל עַמּוֺ י׳,
Hosea 9:1 זָנִיתָ מֵעַל אֱלֹהֶיךָ.
e. מֵעַל לְ (chiefly late, and pleonastic for עַל, or else = the more class. synonym מִמַּעַל לְ):
Verse-Reference
Square — [Jhn 1:1 KJV]
Abbreviate Books
Use SBL Abbrev.
); — abbreviated from 
this use is extended so as to denote explicitly on condition of). Hence
).
Qoran 37:153), 
