ἄνθρωπος,
-ου,
ὁ, [perhaps from
ἀνήρ and
ὤψ,
i. e. man's face: Curtius, § 422; Vanicek, p. 9. From Homer down];
man. It is used
1. universally, with reference to the genus or nature, without distinction of sex,
a human being, whether male or female:
John 16:21. And in this sense
a. with the article, generically, so as to include all human individuals:
Matthew 4:4 (
ἐπ’ ἄρτῳ ζήσεται ὁ ἄνθρωπος);
Matthew 12:35 (
ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἄνθ. every good person);
Matthew 15:11,
18;
Mark 2:27;
Mark 7:15,
18,
20;
Luke 4:4;
John 2:25 [Winer's Grammar, § 18, 8];
John 7:51;
Romans 7:1, etc.
b. so that a man is distinguished from beings of a different race or order;
α. from animals, plants, etc.:
Luke 5:10;
Matthew 4:19;
Matthew 12:12;
2 Peter 2:16;
Revelation 9:4,
7,
10,
15,
18;
Revelation 11:13, etc.
β. from God, from Christ as divine, and from angels:
Matthew 10:32;
Matthew 19:6;
Mark 10:9;
Luke 2:15 [T WH omit; L Tr brackets] (opposed to angels);
John 10:33;
Acts 10:26;
Acts 14:11;
1 Thessalonians 2:13;
Galatians 1:10,
12;
1 Corinthians 3:21;
1 Corinthians 7:23;
Philippians 2:7,
(8);
1 Timothy 2:5;
Hebrews 8:2;
Hebrews 13:6;
1 Peter 2:4, etc.
c. with the added notion of weakness, by which man is led into mistake or prompted to sin:
οὐκ ἄνθρωποί; [R G
σαρκικοί]
ἐστε;
1 Corinthians 3:4;
σοφία ἀνθρώπων,
1 Corinthians 2:5;
ἀνθρώπων ἐπιθυμίαι,
1 Peter 4:2;
κατὰ ἄνθρωπον περιπατεῖτε ye conduct yourselves as men,
1 Corinthians 3:3;
λαλεῖν or
λέγειν κατὰ ἄνθρωπον, to speak according to human modes of thinking,
1 Corinthians 9:8;
Romans 3:5;
κατὰ ἄνθρωπον λέγω, I speak as a man to whom analogies from human affairs present themselves, while I illustrate divine things by an example drawn from ordinary human life,
Galatians 3:15;
κατὰ ἄνθρ.
θηριομαχεῖν, as man is wont to fight, urged on by the desire of gain, honor and other earthly advantages,
1 Corinthians 15:32:
οὐκ ἔστι κατὰ ἄνθρ. is not accommodated to the opinions and desires of men,
Galatians 1:11; [for examples of
κατὰ ἄνθ. in secular authors see Wetstein on Romans as above]; with the accessory notion of malignity:
προσέχετε ἀπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων,
Matthew 10:17;
εἰς χεῖρας ἀνθρώπων,
Matthew 17:22;
Luke 9:44.
d. with the adjunct notion of contempt (as sometimes in Greek writings):
John 5:12; the address
ὦ ἄνθρωπε, or
ἄνθρωπε, is one either of contempt and disdainful pity,
Romans 9:20 (Plato, Gorgias, p. 452 b.
σὺ δὲ...
τίς εἶ,
ὦ ἄνθρωπε), or of gentle rebuke,
Luke 22:58,
60. The word serves to suggest commiseration:
ἴδε [T Tr WH
ἰδοὺ]
ὁ ἄνθρ. behold the man in question, maltreated, defenseless,
John 19:5.
e. with a reference to the twofold nature of man,
ὁ ἔσω and
ὁ ἔξω ἄνθρωπος, soul and body:
Romans 7:22;
Ephesians 3:16;
2 Corinthians 4:16, (Plato, rep. 9, 589 a.
ὁ ἐντὸς ἄνθρωπος;
Plotinus Enn. 5, 1, 10
ὁ εἴσω ἄνθρ.; cf. Fritzsche on Romans, vol. ii., 61f. [Meyer on Romans, the passage cited; Ellicott on Ephesians, the passage cited]);
ὁ κρυπτὸς τῆς καρδιας ἀνθρ.
1 Peter 3:4.
f. with a reference to the twofold moral condition of man,
ὁ παλαιός (the corrupt) and
ὁ καινὸς (
ὁ νέος)
ἄνθρ. (the truly Christian man, conformed to the nature of God):
Romans 6:6;
Ephesians 2:15;
Ephesians 4:22,
24;
Colossians 3:9f.
g. with a reference to the sex, (contextually)
a male:
John 7:22f.
2. indefinitely, without the article,
ἄνθρωπος,
a. someone, a (certain)
man, when who he is either is not known or is not important: equivalent to
τὶς,
Matthew 17:14;
Matthew 21:28;
Matthew 22:11;
Mark 12:1;
Mark 14:13;
Luke 5:18;
Luke 13:19, etc. with the addition of
τὶς,
Matthew 18:12;
Luke 10:30;
Luke 14:2,
16;
Luke 15:11;
Luke 16:1,
19;
John 5:5. in address, where the speaker either cannot or will not give the name,
Luke 5:20; or where the writer addresses any and every reader,
Romans 2:1,
3.
b. where what is said holds of every man, so that
ἄνθρ. is equivalent to the German indefinite
man, one:
Romans 3:28;
1 Corinthians 4:1;
1 Corinthians 7:1;
1 Corinthians 11:28;
Galatians 2:16. So also where opposed to domestics,
Matthew 10:36; to a wife,
Matthew 19:10; to a father,
Matthew 10:35; to the master of a household,
Luke 12:36f — in which passages many, confounding sense and signification, incorrectly say that the word
ἄνθρ. signifies
father of a family, husband, son, servant.
3. in the plural
οἱ ἄνθρ. is sometimes (the)
people, German
die Leute:
Matthew 5:13,
16;
Matthew 6:5,
18;
Matthew 8:27;
Matthew 16:13;
Luke 11:44;
Mark 8:24,
27;
John 4:28;
οὐδεὶς ἀνθρώπων (
nemo hominum) no one,
Mark 11:2;
1 Timothy 6:16.
4. It is joined
a. to another substantive — a quasi-predicate of office, or employment, or characteristic — the idea of the predicate predominating [Winer's Grammar, § 59, 1]:
ἄνθρωπος ἔμπορος a merchant (-man),
Matthew 13:45 [WH text omits
ἀνθρ.];
οἰκοδεσπότης,
Matthew 13:52;
Matthew 20:1;
Matthew 21:33;
βασιλεύς,
Matthew 18:23;
Matthew 22:2;
φάγος,
Matthew 11:19. (So in Hebrew
סָרִיס אִישׁ a eunuch,
Jeremiah 38:7f,
כֹּהֵן אִישׁ a priest,
Leviticus 21:9; also in Greek writings:
ἄνθ.
ὁδίτης, Homer, Iliad 16, 263, elsewhere; cf. Matthiae, § 430, 6; [Krüger § 57, 1, 1]; but in Attic this combination generally has a contemptuous force; cf. Bernhardy, p. 48; in Latin
homo gladiator, Cicero, epistles ad diversos 12, 22, 1).
b. to a gentile noun:
ἄνθ.
Κυρηναῖος,
Matthew 27:32;
ίουδαῖος,
Acts 21:39;
Ῥωμαῖος,
Acts 16:37;
Acts 22:25 (according to the context,
a Roman citizen).
5. ὁ ἄνθρ., with the article, the particular man under consideration, who he is being plain from the context:
Matthew 12:13;
Matthew 26:72;
Mark 3:5;
Luke 23:6;
John 4:50.
οὗτος ὁ ἄνθ.,
Luke 14:30;
John 9:16,
24 [L Tr marginal reading WH];
John 11:47;
ὁ ἄνθ.
οὗτος,
Mark 14:71;
Luke 23:4,
14,
47;
John 9:24 [R G T Tr text]:
John 18:17;
Acts 6:13;
Acts 22:26;
Acts 26:31,
32.
ὁ ἀνθ.
ἐκεῖνος,
Matthew 12:45;
Matthew 26:24;
Mark 14:21.
6. Phrases:
ὁ ἄνθ.
τῆς ἁμαρτίας (or with T Tr text WH text,
τ.
ἀνομίας),
2 Thessalonians 2:3, see
ἁμαρτία, 1, p. 30f.
ἄνθ.
τοῦ θεοῦ a man devoted to the service of God, God's minister:
1 Timothy 6:11;
2 Timothy 3:17 (of the evangelists, the associates of the apostles);
2 Peter 1:21 (of prophets, like
אֱלֹהִים אִישׁ often in the
O. T.; cf.
Gesenius, Thesaurus i., p. 85). For
ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου and
υἱοὶ τῶν ἀνθρ., see under
υἱός.
THAYER’S GREEK LEXICON, Electronic Database.
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