παρά (it neglects elision before proper names beginning with a vowel, and (at least in
Tdf.s text) before some other words; see Tdf Proleg., p. 95, cf.
Winers Grammar, § 5, 1 a.;
Buttmann, 10), a preposition indicating close proximity, with various modifications corresponding to the various cases with which it is joined; cf. Viger. editionm Herm., p. 643ff;
Matthiae, § 588;
Bernhardy (1829), p. 255ff; Kühner, § 440;
Krüger, § 68, 34-36. It is joined:
I. with the genitive; and as in Greek prose writings always with the genitive of a person, to denote that a thing proceeds from. the side or the vicinity of one, or from one's sphere of power, or from one's wealth or store, Latin
a, ab; German
von... her, von neben; French
de chez; (English
from beside, from); the
Sept. for
מִלִּפְנֵי,
מִיַד,
מֵאֵצֶל (
1 Samuel 17:30); cf.
Winers Grammar, 364f (342f)
a. properly, with a suggestion of union of place or of residence, after verbs of coming, departing, setting out, etc. (cf. French
venir, partir de chez quelqu'un):
Mark 14:43;
Luke 8:49 (here Lachmann
ἀπό);
John 15:26;
John 16:27;
John 17:8; (
παῥ ἧς ἐκβεβλήκει ἑπτά δαιμόνια,
Mark 16:9 L Tr text
WH);
εἶναι παρά Θεοῦ, of Christ,
to be sent from God, John 9:16,
33;
to be sprung from God (by the nature of the
λόγος),
John 6:46;
7:29 (where for the sake of the context
κἀκεῖνος με ἀπέστειλεν (
Tdf. ἀπέσταλκέν) is added);
μονογενοῦς παρά πατρός namely,
ὄντος,
John 1:14;
ἐστι τί παρά τίνος, is given by one,
John 17:7 (cf. d. below).
b. joined to passive verbs,
παρά makes one the author, the giver, etc. (
Winers Grammar, 365 (343);
Buttmann, § 134, 1); so after
ἀποστέλλεσθαι,
John 1:6 (the expression originates in the fact that one who is sent is conceived of as having been at the time with the sender, so that he could be selected or commissioned from among a number and then sent off);
γίνεσθαι,
Matthew 21:42;
Mark 12:11 (
παρά κυρίου, from the Lord, by divine agency or by the power at God's command); akin to which is
οὐκ ἀδυνατήσει παρά τοῦ Θεοῦ πᾶν ῤῆμα,
Luke 1:37 L marginal reading
T Tr WH (see
ἀδυνατέω, b.);
λαλεῖσθαι,
Luke 1:45 (not
ὑπό, because God had not spoken in person, but by an angel);
κατηγορεῖσθαι,
Acts 22:30 Rec. (not
ὑπό (yet so
L T Tr WH) because Paul had not yet been formally accused by the Jews, but the tribune inferred from the tumult that the Jews accused him of some crime).
c. after verbs of seeking, asking, taking, receiving, buying (cf.
Winers Grammar, 370 (347) n.;
Buttmann, § 147, 5; yet see
Lightfoot on
Galatians 1:12); as,
αἴτω,
αἰτοῦμαι,
Matthew 20:20 (where
L Tr text
WH text
ἀπ' αὐτοῦ);
John 4:9;
Acts 3:2;
Acts 9:2;
James 1:5;
1 John 5:15 (where
L T Tr WH ἀπ' αὐτοῦ);
ζητῶ,
Mark 8:11;
Luke 11:16;
Luke 12:48;
λαμβάνω,
Mark 12:2;
John 5:34,
41,
44;
John 10:18;
Acts 2:33;
Acts 3:5;
Acts 17:9;
Acts 20:24;
Acts 26:10;
James 1:7;
2 Peter 1:17;
1 John 3:22 (
L T Tr WH ἀπ' αὐτοῦ);
2 John 1:4;
Revelation 2:28 (27);
παραλαμβάνω,
Galatians 1:12;
1 Thessalonians 2:13;
1 Thessalonians 4:1;
ἀπολαμβάνω,
Luke 6:34 R G LTr marginal reading;
κομίζομαι,
Ephesians 6:8;
γίνεται μοι τί,
Matthew 18:19;
δέχομαι,
Acts 22:5;
Philippians 4:18;
ἔχω,
Acts 9:14;
ὠνέομαι,
Acts 7:16;
ἀγοράζομαι,
Revelation 3:18; also after
ἄρτον φαγεῖν (namely,
δοθεντα),
2 Thessalonians 3:8;
εὑρεῖν ἔλεος,
2 Timothy 1:18;
ἔσται χάρις,
2 John 1:3. after verbs of hearing, ascertaining, learning, making inquiry; as,
ἀκούω τί,
John 1:40(
John 1:41);
John 6:45f;
7:51;
8:26,
40;
15:15;
Acts 10:22;
Acts 28:22;
2 Timothy 1:13;
2 Timothy 2:2;
πυνθάνομαι,
Matthew 2:4;
John 4:52;
ἀκριβω,
Matthew 2:16;
ἀπιγινώσκω,
Acts 24:8;
μανθάνω,
2 Timothy 3:14.
d. in phrases in which things are said
εἶναι or
ἐξέρχεσθαι from one:
Luke 2:1;
Luke 6:19;
John 17:7 (see a. above).
e. ὁ,
ἡ,
τό παρά τίνος (see
ὁ, II. 8; cf.
Buttmann, § 125, 9;
Winer's Grammar, § 18, 3);
α. absolutely:
οἱ παῥ αὐτοῦ, those of one's family, i. e.
his kinsmen, relations, Mark 3:21 (Susanna 33;
one's descendants (yet here
Vulg. qui cure eo erant), 1 Macc. 13:52; (
Josephus, Antiquities 1, 10, 5)); cf. Fritzsche at the passage, p. 101; (Field, Otium Norv. pars 3:at the passage);
τά παρά τίνος, what one has beside him, and so at his service, i. e.
one's means, resources, Mark 5:26;
τά παρά τινων, namely,
ὄντα, i. e.
δοθεντα,
Luke 10:7;
Philippians 4:18; (cf.
Winers Grammar, 366 (343);
Josephus, Antiquities 8, 6, 6;
b. j. 2, 8, 4; etc.).
β. where it refers to a preceding noun:
ἡ ἐξουσία ἡ παρά τίνος, namely, received,
Acts 26:12 (
R G);
ἐπικουρίας τῆς παρά (
L T Tr WH ἀπό)
τοῦ Θεοῦ,
Acts 26:22 (
ἡ παρά τίνος εὔνοια,
Xenophon, mem. 2, 2, 12);
ἡ παῥ ἐμοῦ διαθήκη, of which I am the author,
Romans 11:27 (cf.
Winer's Grammar, 193 (182)).
II. with the dative,
παρά indicates that something is or is done either in the immediate vicinity of someone, or (metaphorically) in his mind,
near by, beside, in the power of, in the presence of, with, the
Sept. for
אֵצֶל (
1 Kings 20:1 (
1 Kings 21:1);
Proverbs 8:30),
בְּיַד (
Genesis 44:16;
Numbers 31:49),
בְּעֵינֵי (see b. below); cf.
Winers Grammar, § 48, d., p. 394f (369); (
Buttmann, 339 (291f)).
a. near, by:
εἱστήκεισαν παρά τῷ σταυρῷ,
John 19:25 (this is the only passage in the N. T. where
παρά is joined with a dative of the thing, in all others with a dative of the person). after a verb of motion, to indicate the rest which follows the motion (cf.
Buttmann, 339 (292)),
ἔστησεν αὐτό παῥ ἑαυτῷ,
Luke 9:47.
b. with, i. e.
in one's house; in one's town; in one's society:
ξενίζεσθαι (which see),
Acts 10:6;
Acts 21:16;
μένειν, of guests or lodgers,
John 1:39 (
John 1:40);
John 4:40;
14:17,
25;
Acts 9:43;
Acts 18:3,
20 (
R G);
Acts 21:7f;
ἐπιμένειν,
Acts 28:14 L T Tr WH;
καταλύειν,
Luke 19:7 (
Demosthenes, de corona § 82 (cf.
Buttmann, 339 (292)));
ἀριστᾶν,
Luke 11:37;
ἀπολείπειν τί,
2 Timothy 4:13;
παρά τῷ Θεῷ, dwelling with God,
John 8:38; equivalent to in heaven,
John 17:5;
μισθόν ἔχειν, to have a reward laid up with God in heaven,
Matthew 6:1;
εὑρεῖν χάριν (there where God is, i. e. God's favor (cf.
Winer's Grammar, 365 (343))),
Luke 1:30; a person is also said to have
χάρις παρά one with whom he is acceptable,
Luke 2:52;
τοῦτο χάρις παρά Θεῷ, this is acceptable with God, pleasing to him,
1 Peter 2:20 (for
בְּעֵינֵי,
Exodus 33:12,
16;
Numbers 11:15);
παρά Θεῷ, in fellowship with God (of those who have embraced the Christian religion and turned to God from whom they had before been estranged),
1 Corinthians 7:24;
παρά κυρίῳ (in heaven), before the Lord as judge,
2 Peter 2:11 (
G L omit and
Tr WH brackets the phrase);
παῥ ὑμῖν, in your city, in your church,
Colossians 4:16; with a dative plural equivalent to
among, Matthew 22:25;
Matthew 28:15;
Revelation 2:13;
παῥ ἑαυτῷ,
at his home, 1 Corinthians 16:2.
c. παῥ (
L Tr WH text
ἐν)
ἑαυτῷ,
with oneself i. e.
in one's own mind, διαλογίζεσθαι,
Matthew 21:25.
d. a thing is said to be or not to be
παρά τίνι,
with one,
α. which belongs to his nature and character, or is in accordance with his practice or the reverse; as,
μή ἀδικία παρά τῷ Θεῷ;
Romans 9:14; add,
Romans 2:11;
2 Corinthians 1:17;
Ephesians 6:9;
James 1:17.
β. which is or is not within one's power:
Matthew 19:26;
Mark 10:27;
Luke 18:27, cf.
Luke 1:37 R G L text.
e. παρά τίνι,
with one i. e.
in his judgment, he being judge (so in
Herodotus and the Attic writings; cf.
Passow, under the word, II. 2, vol. ii., p. 667; (Liddell and Scott, under B. II. 3)):
παρά τῷ Θεῷ,
Romans 2:13;
1 Corinthians 3:19;
Galatians 3:11;
2 Thessalonians 1:6;
James 1:27;
1 Peter 2:4;
2 Peter 3:8 (
παρά κυρίῳ);
φρόνιμον εἶναι παῥ ἑαυτῷ (
A. V. in one's own conceit),
Romans 11:25 (where
Tr text
WH text
ἐν);
Romans 12:16.
III. with an accusative; the
Sept. for
אֵצֶל,
יַד עַל,
בְּעֵבֶר (
Joshua 7:7;
Joshua 22:7); cf.
Winers Grammar, § 49 g., p. 403f (377f); (
Buttmann, 339 (292));
1. properly, of place,
at, by, near, by the side of, beside, along; so with verbs of motion:
περιπατεῖν παρά τήν θάλασσαν (
Plato, Gorgias, p. 511 e.),
Matthew 4:18;
Mark 1:16 (here
L T Tr WH παράγω);
πίπτειν,
Matthew 13:4;
Mark 4:4;
Luke 8:5,
41;
Luke 17:16;
Acts 5:10 (where
L T Tr WH πρός);
σπαρῆναι,
Matthew 13:19;
ῥίπτειν,
Matthew 15:30;
τιθέναι,
Acts 4:35,
37 (here
Tdf. πρός);
Acts 5:2;
ἀποτιθεναι,
Acts 7:58;
ἔρχεσθαι,
ἐξέρχεσθαι,
Matthew 15:29;
Mark 2:13 (here
Tdf. εἰς);
Acts 16:13;
οἱ παρά τήν ὁδόν, namely,
πεσόντες,
Mark 4:15, cf.
Mark 4:4;
Luke 8:12, cf.
5. with verbs of rest:
καθῆσθαι,
Matthew 13:1;
Matthew 20:30;
Luke 8:35; with
εἶναι,
Mark 5:21;
Acts 10:6. with verbs denoting the business in which one is engaged, as
παιδεύειν in passive,
Acts 22:3 (so
G L T Tr WH punctuate);
διδάσκειν,
Mark 4:1. without a verb, in specifications of place,
Acts 10:32;
Hebrews 11:12.
2. beside, beyond, i. e. metaphorically,
a. equivalent to
contrary to:
παρά τήν διδαχήν,
Romans 16:17;
παῥ ἐλπίδα, literally,
beyond hope, i. e. where the laws and course of nature left no room for hope, hence, equivalent to
without (A. V. against) hope, Romans 4:18 (in secular authors, of things which happen against hope, beyond one's expectation, cf.
Passow, under the word, III. 3, vol. ii, p. 669{b};
Dionysius Halicarnassus, Antiquities 6, 25);
παρά τόν νόμοι, contrary to the law,
Acts 18:13 (
παρά τούς νόμους, opposed to
κατά τούς νόμους,
Xenophon, mem. 1, 1, 18);
παῥ ὁ, contrary to that which, i. e. at variance with that which,
Galatians 1:8f;
παρά φύσιν,
Romans 1:26;
Romans 11:24 (
Thucydides 6, 17;
Plato, rep. 5, p. 466 d.); after
ἄλλος,
other than, different from, 1 Corinthians 3:11 (see examples from secular authors in
Passow, under the word, III. 3 at the end vol. ii., p. 670{a});
παρά τόν κτίσαντα, omitting or passing by the Creator,
Romans 1:25, where others explain it
before (above) the Creator, rather than the Creator, agreeably indeed to the use of the preposition in Greek writings (cf. Ast, Lex.
Plato, iii., p. 28 (cf.
Riddell, Platonic Idioms, § 165
β.; Liddell and Scott, under the word, C. I. 5 d.)), but not to the thought of the passage.
except, save, equivalent to
if you subtract from a given sum, less:
τεσσαράκοντα παρά μίαν, one (stripe) excepted,
2 Corinthians 11:24 (
τεσσαράκοντα ἐτῶν παρά τριάκοντα ἡμέρας,
Josephus, Antiquities 4, 8, 1;
παρά πέντε ναῦς, five ships being deducted,
Thucydides 8, 29; (
παῥ ὀλίγας ψήφους,
Josephus, contra Apion 2, 37, 3); see other examples from Greek authors in
Bernhardy (1829), p. 258; (
Winers Grammar, as above; especially
Sophocles Lexicon, under 3)).
b. above, beyond:
παρά καιρόν ἡλικίας,
Hebrews 11:11;
παῥ ὁ δεῖ; (
Plutarch, mor., p. 83 f. (de profect. in virt. § 13)),
Romans 12:3; equivalent to
more than:
ἁμαρτωλοί παρά πάντας,
Luke 13:2;
ἔχρισεν σε...
ἔλαιον...
παρά τούς μετόχους more copiously than (
A. V. above) thy fellows,
Hebrews 1:9 (from
Psalm 44:8 (
Ps. 45:8);
ὑψοῦν τινα παρά τινα, Sir. 15:5);
κρίνειν ἡμέραν παῥ ἡμέραν, to prefer one day to another (see
κρίνω, 2),
Romans 14:5. Hence, it is joined to comparatives:
πλέον παρά τό,
Luke 3:13;
διαφορώτερον παῥ αὐτούς ὄνομα,
Hebrews 1:4; add,
Hebrews 3:3;
9:23;
11:4;
12:24; see examples from Greek authors in
Winer's Grammar, § 35, 2 b. (and as above).
Ἐλαττουν τινα παρά, to make one inferior to another,
Hebrews 2:7,
9.
3. on account of (cf. Latin
propter equivalent to
ob):
παρά τοῦτο, for this reason, therefore,
1 Corinthians 12:15f; cf.
Winer's Grammar, § 49 g. c.
IV. In Composition
παρά denotes
1. situation or motion either from the side of, or to the side of;
near, beside, by, to:
παραθαλάσσιος,
παράλιος,
παροικέω,
παρακολουθέω,
παραλαμβάνω,
παραλέγομαι,
παραπλέω,
παράγω; of what is done secretly or by stealth, as
παρεισέρχομαι,
παρεισάγω,
παρεισδύω; cf. (the several words and) Fritzsche, Commentary on Romans, vol. i., p. 346. by the side of i. e.
ready, present, at hand (
παρά τίνι):
πάρειμι,
παρουσία,
παρέχω, etc.
2. violation, neglect, aberration (cf. our
beyond or
aside equivalent to
amiss):
παραβαίνω,
παραβάτης,
παρανομέω,
παρακούω,
παρίημι,
πάρεσις,
παραλογίζομαι,
παράδοξος,
παραφρονία, etc.
3. like the German
an (in
anreizen, antreiben, etc.):
παραζηλόω,
παραπικραίνω,
παροξύνω,
παροργίζω. (Cf. Vig. edition, Herm., p. 650f)
THAYER’S GREEK LEXICON, Electronic Database.
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