κατά (on its neglect of elision before a vowel see Tdf, Proleg., p. 95; cf.
Winers Grammar, § 5, 1 a.; a. 10;
WH's Appendix, p. 146a), a preposition denoting motion or diffusion or direction from the higher to the lower; as in classical Greek, joined with the genitive and the accusative.
I. With the genitive (
Winer's Grammar, § 47, k., p. 381 (357); (B, § 147, 20));
1. properly,
a. down from, down:
κατά τοῦ κρημνοῦ,
Matthew 8:32;
Mark 5:13;
Luke 8:33;
κατεχην κατά τῆς κεφαλῆς (so that it flowed down from his head (cf.
Winer's Grammar, 381 (357) note); but it is more correct here to omit
κατά with
L T Tr WH; see
καταχέω),
Mark 14:3; hence
κατά κεφαλῆς (a veil hanging down from his entry)
ἔχων,
1 Corinthians 11:4 ((
A. V. having his head covered) cf.
καταπέτασμα (or rather
κάλυμμα (which see), but see
ἔχω, I. 1 b.)).
b. down upon (down into) anything:
Acts 27:14 (
Winers Grammar, 381 (357) note{1}; cf.
B. D. American edition, under the word ); tropically,
ἡ κατά βάθους πτωχεία reaching down into the depth, i. e. deep or extreme poverty,
2 Corinthians 8:2 (cf.
Strabo 9, 5, p. 419
ἐστι τό μαντεῖον ἄντρον κοῖλον κατά βάθους).
c. used of motion or extension through a space from top to bottom; hence
through, throughout: in the N. T. (and in Luke's writings;
Buttmann, § 147, 20) everywhere with the adjective
ὅλος, as
καθ' ὅλης τῆς περιχώρου τῆς Ἰουδαίας,
τῆς Ἰόππης,
Luke 4:14;
Luke 23:5;
Acts 9:31;
Acts 10:37 (
διεσπάρησαν κατά τῆς νήσου,
Polybius 3, 19, 7;
ἐσκεδάσμενοι κατά τῆς χώρας, 1, 17, 10; 3, 76, 10;
μή παραβαίνειν τάς ἁμαροτροχιας,
ἀλλά κατ' αὐτῶν ἰέναι,
Aelian v. h. 2, 27).
2. metaphorically,
a. after verbs of swearing, adjuring (the hand being, as it were, placed down upon the thing sworn by (cf.
Bernhardy (1829), p. 238; Kühner, § 433 at the end)),
by:
Matthew 26:63;
Hebrews 6:13,
16 (
Isaiah 45:23;
2 Chronicles 36:13; Judith 1:12;
Demosthenes 553, 17; 554, 23).
b. against (properly,
down upon (
Winer's Grammar, 382 (358)); Hebrew
עַל): opposed to
ὑπέρ,
Mark 9:40;
2 Corinthians 13:8;
Romans 8:31; opposed to
μετά,
Matthew 12:30;
Luke 11:23; after
ἐπιθυμεῖν,
Galatians 5:17;
εἰπεῖν πονηρόν (
ῤῆμα),
Matthew 5:11;
λαλεῖν,
Acts 6:13;
Jude 1:15;
μαρτυρία,
Mark 14:55;
Matthew 26:59;
μαρτυρεῖν,
1 Corinthians 15:15 (here many take
κατά equivalent to
with regard to, of; cf. DeWette at the passage;
Lob. ad Phryn., p. 272);
ψευδομαρτύρειν,
Mark 14:56f;
γογγύζειν,
Matthew 20:11 (
Exodus 15:24 Alex.);
διδάσκειν,
Acts 21:28;
ψεύδεσθαι,
James 3:14 (
Xenophon, Apology 13);
συμβούλιον λαβεῖν or
ποιεῖν,
Matthew 27:1;
Mark 3:6;
αἰτεῖσθαι τί,
Acts 25:3,
15; after verbs of accusing, etc.:
ἔχειν τί,
Matthew 5:23;
Mark 11:25;
Revelation 2:4,
14,
20;
κατηγορεῖν,
Luke 23:14;
κατηγορία,
John 18:29 (
Tdf. omits
κατά);
ἐγκάλειν,
Romans 8:33;
ἐντυγχάνειν τίνι,
Romans 11:2; add,
Acts 24:1;
Acts 25:2;
James 5:9;
τό χειρόγραφον,
Colossians 2:14;
κρίσιν ποιεῖν,
Jude 1:15; after verbs of rebelling, fighting, prevailing:
Matthew 10:35;
Matthew 12:25;
Acts 14:2;
1 Corinthians 4:6;
2 Corinthians 10:5;
1 Peter 2:11; (
Revelation 12:7 Rec.);
ἰσχύειν,
Acts 19:16;
ἐξουσίαν ἔχειν,
John 19:11.
II. With the accusative; cf.
Winers Grammar, § 49 d.;
Bernhardy (1829), p. 239ff
1. of place;
a. of the place through which anything is done or is extended (properly,
down through; opposed to
ἀνά,
up through):
καθ' ὅλην τήν πόλιν κηρύσσειν,
Luke 8:39;
ἐκφέρειν κατά τάς πλατείας,
Acts 5:15 (
R G); add,
Luke 9:6;
Luke 13:22;
Luke 15:14;
Acts 8:1;
Acts 11:1;
Acts 15:23;
Acts 21:21;
Acts 24:5,
12;
Acts 27:2;
τούς κατά τά ἔθνη (throughout Gentile lands)
πάντας Ἰουδαίους,
Acts 21:21, cf. Grimm on 2 Macc. 1:1;
κατά τήν ὁδόν, along the way i. e. on the journey (
Winer's Grammar, 400 (374) note{1}),
Luke 10:4;
Acts 8:36;
Acts 25:3;
Acts 26:13;
along (Latin
secundum or
praeter (
R. V. off)),
πέλαγος τό κατά τήν Κιλικίαν,
Acts 27:5.
b. of the place
to which one is brought (down):
γενόμενος (
Tr WH omit
γ.)
κατά τόν τόπον (
ἐλθών etc.),
Luke 10:32 (cf. Field, Otium Norv. Pars iii at the passage);
ἐλθόντες κατά τήν Μυσίαν,
Acts 16:7;
κατά τήν Κνίδον,
Acts 27:7;
κατ' αὐτόν (came) to him, i. e. to the place where he was lying,
Luke 10:33.
c. of direction;
toward:
Λιβύη ἡ κατά Κυρήνην, that Libya which lay toward Cyrene, i. e. Libya of Cyrene (i. e. the chief city of which was Cyrene),
Acts 2:10;
βλέπειν, to look, lie toward (see
βλέπω, 3),
Acts 27:12;
πορεύεσθαι κατά μεσημβρίαν,
Acts 8:26;
κατά σκοπόν,
toward the goal, my eye on the goal,
Philippians 3:14.
against (Latin
adversus with the accusative);
over against, opposite:
κατά πρόσωπον,
to the face, Galatians 2:11 (see
πρόσωπον, 1 a.); equivalent to
present, Acts 25:16 (
A. V. face to face);
2 Corinthians 10:1; with the genitive of person added,
before the face of, in the presence of, one:
Luke 2:31;
Acts 3:13;
τά κατά πρόσωπον, the things that are open to view, known to all,
2 Corinthians 10:7;
κατ' ὀφθαλμούς, before the eyes,
Galatians 3:1; here, too, according to some (cf.
Winer's Grammar, 400 (374) note{3}) belongs
κατά Θεόν,
Romans 8:27, but it is more correctly referred to 3 c.
α. below.
d. of the place where:
κατ' οἶκον (opposed to
ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ),
at home, privately (
Winer's Grammar, 400 (374) note{1}),
Acts 2:46;
Acts 5:42.
e. of that which so joins itself to one thing as to separate itself from another; our
for, by:
κατ' ἰδίαν,
apart, see
ἴδιος, 2;
καθ' ἑαυτόν, alone (
by himself),
Acts 28:16;
James 2:17 (
R. V. in itself) (2 Macc. 13:13;
οἱ καθ' αὑτούς Ἕλληνες,
Thucydides 1, 138;
οἱ Βοιωτοι καθ' αὑτούς,
Diodorus 13, 72; other examples are given by
Alberti, Observations, etc., p. 293;
Loesner, Observations, e Philone, p. 460f);
ἔχειν τί καθ' ἑαυτόν, to have a thing by and to oneself, i. e. to keep it hidden in one's mind,
Romans 14:22 (
Josephus, Antiquities 2, 11, 1;
Heliodorus 7, 16; (cf.
Winer's Grammar, 401 (375) note{1})); hence, of that which belongs to some person or thing:
κατά τήν οὖσαν ἐκκλησίαν, belonging to (
A. V. in) the church that was there,
Acts 13:1;
ἡ ἐκκλησία κατ' οἶκον τίνος, belonging to one's household (see
ἐκκλησία, 4 b. aa.); hence it forms a periphrasis — now for the genitive, as
τά κατά Ἰουδαίους ἔθη (equivalent to
τῶν Ἰουδαίων),
Acts 26:3; now for the possessive pronoun,
οἱ καθ' ὑμᾶς ποιηταί, your own poets,
Acts 17:28 (here
WH marginal reading
καθ' ἡμᾶς, see their Introductory § 404);
νόμου τοῦ καθ' ὑμᾶς (a law of your own),
Acts 18:15;
τό κατ' ἐμέ πρόθυμον, my inclination,
Romans 1:15 (see
πρόθυμος);
ἡ καθ' ὑμᾶς πίστις,
Ephesians 1:15 (
ἡ κατά τόν τύραννον ὠματης τέ καί δύναμις,
Diodorus 14, 12;
μέχρι τῶν καθ' ἡμᾶς χρόνων,
Dionysius Halicarnassus, Antiquities 2, 1; cf. Grimm on 2 Macc. 4:21, p. 88; a throng of examples from
Polybius may be seen in Schweighaeuser, Lex.
Polybius, p. 323f; (cf.
Winers Grammar, 154 (146); 400 (374) note{2}; especially
Buttmann, § 132, 2)).
2. of Time (cf.
Winers Grammar, 401 (374));
during, about; Latin
tempore:
κατ' ἐκεῖνον, or
τοῦτον τόν καιρόν,
Acts 12:1;
Acts 19:23;
Romans 9:9;
Hebrews 9:9 (
R G);
κατά τό αὐτό, at the same time, together,
Acts 14:1 (see
αὐτός, III. 1);
κατά τό μεσονύκτιον,
Acts 16:25;
κατά μέσον τῆς νυκτός,
Acts 27:27; (possibly also
κατά μεσημβρίαν,
at noon, Acts 8:26 (see
μεσημβρία, b.));
κατά καιρόν, see
καιρός, 2 a.;
κατ' ἀρχάς (
Herodotus 3, 153), in the beginning (of things),
Hebrews 1:10;
κατά τήν ἡμέραν τοῦ πειρασμοῦ,
Hebrews 3:8 (as the
Sept. in this passage have rendered the preposition
כְּ in the context by
ὡς (
ἐν τῷ παραπικρασμῷ,
Psalm 94:8 (
Ps. 95:8)), some would take it and
κατά here equivalent to
like as in the day etc.;
Vulg. secundum);
κατά πᾶν σάββατον,
Acts 13:27;
Acts 15:21;
Acts 18:4;
καθ' ἑκάστην ἡμέραν,
Hebrews 3:13;
κατά μῆνα (
ἕνα)
ἕκαστον,
Revelation 22:2;
κατ' ὄναρ, during a dream, see
ὄναρ.
3. it denotes reference, relation, proportion, of various sorts;
a. distributively, indicating a succession of things following one another (
Winers Grammar, 401 (374);
Buttmann, § 147, 20);
α. in reference to place:
κατά πόλιν, in every city (
city by city, from city to city),
Luke 8:1,
4;
Acts 15:21;
Acts 20:23;
Titus 1:5 (
Thucydides 1, 122);
κατ' ἐκκλησίαν, in every church,
Acts 14:23; with the plural,
κατά πόλεις,
Luke 13:22;
κατά τάς κώμας,
Luke 9:6 (
Herodotus 1, 96);
κατά τόπους,
Matthew 24:7;
Mark 13:8;
Luke 21:11;
κατά τάς συναγωγάς, in every synagogue,
Acts 22:19; (cf.
κατά τούς οἴκους εἰσπορευόμενος,
Acts 8:3).
β. in reference to time:
κατ' ἔτος, yearly, year by year,
Luke 2:41; also
κατ' ἐνιαυτόν (see
ἐνιαυτός);
καθ' ἡμέραν etc., see
ἡμέρα, 2, p. 278{a};
κατά μίαν σαββάτου (
R G σαββάτων), on the first day of every week,
1 Corinthians 16:2;
κατά ἑορτήν, at any and every feast,
Matthew 27:15;
Mark 15:6;
Luke 23:17 (
Rec.; cf.
Buttmann, § 133, 26. Others understand the phrase in these passages (contextually) "at or during (see 2 above) the feast," viz. the Passover; cf.
Winer's Grammar, 401 (374)).
γ. universally:
καθ' ἕνα πάντες, all one by one, successively,
1 Corinthians 14:31, see more fully in
εἷς, 4 c.;
κατά δύο, by two,
1 Corinthians 14:27;
κατά ἑκατόν καί κατά πεντήκοντα, by hundreds and by fifties,
Mark 6:40 L T Tr WH;
κατά μέρος,
severally, singly, part by part,
Hebrews 9:5 (
Herodotus 9, 25;
Xenophon, anab. 3, 4, 22);
κατ' ὄνομα, by name, i. e. each by its own name (
Vulg. nominatim (or
per nomen)):
John 10:3;
3 John 1:15 (14); cf.
Herm. ad Vig., p. 858f.
b. equivalent to the Latin
ratione habita alicuius rei vel personae;
as respects; with regard to; in reference to; so far as relates to; as concerning; (
Winer's Grammar, 401 (375)):
κατά σάρκα or
κατά τήν σάρκα, as to the flesh (see
σάρξ (especially 2b.)),
Romans 1:3;
Romans 9:3,
5;
1 Corinthians 1:26;
1 Corinthians 10:18;
2 Corinthians 11:18;
οἱ κύριοι κατά σάρκα (Luther well,
die leiblichen Herren), in earthly relations, according to the arrangements of society,
Ephesians 6:5;
κατά τό εὐαγγέλιον,
κατά τήν ἐκλογήν,
Romans 11:28; add,
Romans 1:4;
Romans 7:22;
Philippians 3:5;
Hebrews 9:9;
τά κατά τινα,
one's affairs, one's case, Acts 24:22;
Acts 25:14;
Ephesians 6:21;
Philippians 1:12;
Colossians 4:7 (and very often in classical Greek);
κατά πάντα τρόπον, in every way, in every respect,
Romans 3:2; the opposite
κατά μηδένα τρόπον,
in no wise, 2 Thessalonians 2:3;
κατά πάντα, in all respects, in all things,
Acts 17:22;
Colossians 3:20,
22;
Hebrews 2:17;
Hebrews 4:15 (
Thucydides 4, 81).
c. according to, agreeably to; in reference to agreement or conformity to a standard, in various ways (
Winer's Grammar, 401 (375));
α. according to anything as a standard, agreeably to:
περιπατεῖν κατά τί,
Mark 7:5;
Romans 8:1 (
Rec.),
Rom 8:4;
Romans 14:15;
2 Thessalonians 3:6;
Ephesians 2:2;
ζῆν κατά,
Acts 26:5;
Romans 8:12f;
πορεύεσθαι,
2 Peter 3:3;
ἀποδιδόναι τίνι,
Matthew 16:27, etc. (see
ἀποδίδωμι, (especially 4));
λαμβάνειν,
1 Corinthians 3:8; so with many other verbs a thing is said
to be done or to occur κατά, as in
Luke 2:27,
29;
John 7:24;
Colossians 2:8;
Colossians 3:10;
1 Timothy 1:18;
Hebrews 7:15;
Hebrews 8:5,
9;
1 John 5:14, etc.; (on the phrase
κατ' ἄνθρωπον, see
ἄνθρωπος, especially 1 c.; (cf.
ἐ. below;
Winer's Grammar, 402 (376)));
κατά τήν γραφήν,
τάς γραφάς,
James 2:8;
1 Corinthians 15:3f.;
κατά τό γεγραμμένον,
2 Corinthians 4:13;
κατά τό εἰρημένον,
Romans 4:18;
κατά τόν νόμον,
Luke 2:39;
John 18:31;
John 19:7;
Hebrews 9:22;
κατά τό εὐαγγέλιον μου,
Romans 2:16;
Romans 16:25;
2 Timothy 2:8, cf.
1 Timothy 1:11;
κατά τό ὡρισμένον,
Luke 22:22;
καθ' ὁμοίωσιν Θεοῦ,
James 3:9;
κατά λόγον rightly, justly (
A. V. reason would etc.),
Acts 18:14;
κατά τινα, agreeably to the will of anyone, as pleases him (
Winer's Grammar, 401f (375)): so
κατά Θεόν,
Romans 8:27 (cf. 1 c. above);
2 Corinthians 7:9,
11;
κατά Χρσιτον Ἰησοῦν,
Romans 15:5;
κατά κύριον,
2 Corinthians 11:17;
κατά τόν καθαρισμόν, after the manner of purifying, as the rite of purification prescribed,
John 2:6;
οἱ κατά σάρκα ὄντες, who bear, reflect, the nature of the flesh, equivalent to
οἱ σαρκικοί, and
οἱ κατά πνεῦμα ὄντες equivalent to
οἱ πνευματικοί,
Romans 8:5;
κατά τί γνώσομαι; in accordance with what criterion i. e. by what sign shall I know?
Luke 1:18. Here belongs the use of the preposition in the titles of the records of the life of Christ:
εὐαγγέλιον (which word the Sinaiticus and Vaticanus manuscripts omit)
κατά Ματθαῖον,
Μᾶρκον, etc.,
as Matthew etc. composed or wrote (it). This use of the preposition was not primarily a mere periphrasis for the genitive (
Ματθαιου, etc., see II. 1 e. above), but indicated that the same subject had been otherwise handled by others, cf.
ἡ παλαιά διαθήκη κατά τούς ἑβδομήκοντα (in tacit contrast not only to the Hebrew text, but also to the Greek translations made by others);
οἱ ὑπομνηματισμοι οἱ κατά Νημιαν, 2 Macc. 2:13 (see Grimm at the passage). Subsequently
κατά with an accusative of the writer came to take the place of the genitive, as
ἡ κατά Μωϋσέα πεντάτευχος in
Epiphanius (haer. 8, 4. Cf.
Winers Grammar, 402 (375);
Buttmann, 3; 157 (137); and see, further,
Sophocles' Lexicon, under the word
εὐαγγέλιον, James Morison, Commentary on Matthew, Introductory § 4).
β. in proportion to, according to the measure of:
χαρίσματα κατά τήν χάριν τήν δοθεῖσαν ἡμῖν διάφορα,
Romans 12:6;
κατά τό μέτρον,
2 Corinthians 10:13;
Ephesians 4:7;
κατά τήν σκληρότητά σου,
Romans 2:5;
κατά τόν χρόνον,
Matthew 2:16;
ἑκάστῳ κατά τήν ἰδίαν δύναμιν,
Matthew 25:15; without the article
κατά δύναμιν,
2 Corinthians 8:3 (opposed to
ὑπέρ δύναμιν, as
Homer, Iliad 3, 59
κατ' Αισαν,
ὀυδ' ὑπέρ Αισαν);
καθ' ὅσον, by so much as, inasmuch as,
Hebrews 3:3;
Hebrews 7:20;
Hebrews 9:27;
κατά τοσοῦτο, by so much,
Hebrews 7:22.
γ. used of the cause;
through, on account of, from, owing to (in accordance with i. e.
in consequence of, by virtue of) (
Winer's Grammar, 402 (376)):
κατά πᾶσαν αἰτίαν, (
for every cause),
Matthew 19:3;
κατά τήν χάριν τοῦ Θεοῦ,
1 Corinthians 3:10;
2 Thessalonians 1:12;
2 Timothy 1:9 (
κατά τήν τοῦ Θεοῦ πρόνοιαν,
Josephus, Antiquities 20, 8, 6);
κατά χάριν,
Romans 4:16; also opposed to
κατά ὀφείλημα (
R. V. as of... as of),
Romans 4:4;
οἱ κατά φύσιν κλάδοι, the natural branches,
Romans 11:21 (cf.
Buttmann, 162 (141));
ἡ κατά φύσιν ἀγριλαιος, the natural wild olive tree,
Romans 11:24;
ἡ κατά πίστιν δικαιοσύνη, righteousness proceeding from faith,
Hebrews 11:7; add,
Romans 8:28;
Romans 9:11;
Romans 11:5;
Romans 16:25;
1 Corinthians 12:8;
2 Corinthians 13:10;
Galatians 2:2;
Galatians 3:29;
Ephesians 1:5,
7,
9,
11,
19;
Ephesians 3:7,
11,
16,
20;
Colossians 1:11,
29;
Philippians 1:20;
Philippians 3:21;
Philippians 4:11,
19;
2 Thessalonians 1:12;
2 Thessalonians 2:9;
2 Timothy 1:8;
Hebrews 2:4;
Hebrews 7:16;
Titus 1:3;
1 Peter 1:3;
2 Peter 3:15. adverbial phrases (
Winer's Grammar, § 51, 2 g.):
κατ' ἐξουσίαν (with authority),
Mark 1:27;
κατ' ἀνάγκην,
κατά ἑκούσιον (q. v) (of necessity, of free will),
Philemon 1:14;
κατά γνῶσιν,
1 Peter 3:7;
κατ' ἐπίγνωσιν,
Romans 10:2 (cf.
Winer's Grammar, 403 (376));
κατά ἄγνοιαν (in ignorance),
Acts 3:17.
δ. of likeness;
as, like as:
συντελέσω...
διαθήκην καινήν,
οὐ κατά τήν διαθήκην κτλ.,
Hebrews 8:8f (
1 Kings 11:10); so with the accusative of a person (cf. under
α. above),
Galatians 4:28;
1 Peter 1:15;
κατά Θεόν, after the image of God,
Ephesians 4:24;
κρίνεσθαι κατά ἀνθρώπους,
ζῆν κατά Θεόν, to be judged as it is fit men should be judged, to live as God lives,
1 Peter 4:6. Hence, it is used
ε. of the mode in which a thing is done; of the quality:
ἄνδρες οἱ κατ' ἐξοχήν τῆς πόλεως, the principal men of the city,
Acts 25:23;
καθ' ὑπομένην ἔργου ἀγαθοῦ, equivalent to
ὑπομένοντες ἐν ἔργῳ ἀγαθῷ (by constancy in well-doing),
Romans 2:7; especially in adverbial phrases:
κατά ταῦτα in (or after) the same (or this) manner, Luke 6:23 (
L text
T Tr WH κατά τά αὐτά,
L marginal reading
κατά ταῦτα) (26 (editions as before));
Luke 17:30 (
T Tr WH κατά τά αὐτά,
G L κατά ταῦτα);
καθ' ὑπερβολήν,
Romans 7:13;
1 Corinthians 12:31, etc. (cf.
Winers Grammar, 466 (434);
Buttmann, 96 (84));
κατά πίστιν equivalent to
πιστεύοντες (
A. V. in faith; cf.
Winer's Grammar, 403 (376)),
Hebrews 11:13;
κατά συγγνώμην,
οὐ κτἀ ἐπιταγήν, by way of concession, not by way of commandment,
1 Corinthians 7:6, cf.
2 Corinthians 8:8;
κατά κράτος,
Acts 19:20;
καθ' ὁμοιότητα,
Hebrews 4:15; on the phrase
κατά ἄνθρωπον see
ἄνθρωπος, 1 c. (cf.
α. above).
d. of the end aimed at; the goal to which anything tends; (Latin
ad (
Winer's Grammar, 402f (376))):
κατ' ἐπαγγελίαν ζωῆς, to proclaim life,
2 Timothy 1:1 (but see
ἐπαγγελία, 1);
κατ' εὐσέβειαν, tending to godliness (
1 Timothy 6:3;
Titus 1:1) (see
εὐσέβεια; (yet others refer these examples and that which follows, to the use set forth above, in c.));
κατά πίστιν, to awaken, produce faith,
Titus 1:1 (examples of this use of
κατά from
Homer,
Herodotus,
Thucydides,
Xenophon, may be seen in
Passow, under the word II. 3, p. 1598{b}; (Liddell and Scott, under the word B. III. 1); cf.
Herm. ad Vig., p. 632; Kühner, ii., p. 412); many refer to this head also
κατ' ἀτιμίαν (to my dishonor (
Winer's Grammar, 402f (376)))
λέγω,
2 Corinthians 11:21 (
κατ' τήν τιμήν τοῦ Θεοῦ τοῦτο ποιῶν, to the honor of God,
Josephus, Antiquities 3, 11, 4); but see
ἀτιμία.
III. In Composition
κατά denotes,
1. from, down from, from a higher to a lower place: with special reference to the terminus from which, as
καταβαίνω,
καταβιβάζω, etc. (cf.
Winer's Grammar, 431 (401f)); with more prominent reference to the lower terminus (down), as
καταβάλλω,
καταπατέω, etc. (cf.
Winer's Grammar, as above); also of the situation or local position, as
κατάκειμαι,
καθεύδω,
κατατίθημι,
καθίζω, etc.
from top to bottom, metaphorically, of things done with care,
thoroughly, as
καταμανθάνω,
καθοράω, etc.
2. in succession, in course:
καθξης; one part after another,
καταρτίζω,
κατευθύνω, etc.
3. under, underneath:
καταχθόνιος; the idea of
putting under resides in verbs denoting victory, rule, etc., over others, as katadunasteuoo],
κατακυριεύω,
κατεξουσιάζω,
καταδουλόω; likewise in verbs naming that with which anything is covered, concealed, overwhelmed etc., as
κατακαλύπτω,
καταλιθάζω,
κατασφραγίζω,
κατασκιάζω,
καταισχύνω (where the German uses the prefix
über (English
over), as
überschatten, überdecken, or the syllable
be, as
beschatten, besiegeln); also in adjj. denoting an abundance of that with which a thing is filled up or as it were covered up; see below in
κατείδωλος.
4. like the German
ver-,
zer-, it denotes separation, dissolution, in verbs of wasting, dissolving, etc., as
κατακόπτω,
κατάγνυμι,
κατακαίω,
κατακλάω,
καταλύω,
κατακλύζω,
καταναλίσκω,
καταφθείρω, etc.
5. equivalent to
after, behind:
καταδιώκω,
καταλείπω,
κατακολουθέω, etc.
6. used of proportion and distribution, as
κατακληροδοτέω,
κατακληρονομέω, etc.
7. of hostility,
against etc.:
καταδικάζω,
κατακρίνω,
καταλαλέω,
καταγινώσκω, etc. Cf.
Herm. ad Vig., p. 637ff (On the construction of verbs compounded with
κατά, see
Winers Grammar, as above; cf.
Buttmann, 165 (143f).)
THAYER’S GREEK LEXICON, Electronic Database.
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BLB Scripture Index of Thayer's