I.
זֶ֫בַח 162 noun masculineJudges 16:23 sacrifice **Phoenician
זבח of an offering of bread and oil CIS
i. 165, 12; 167. 8, compare RS
Semitic 205 (2nd ed. 222).
ז׳ absolute
Genesis 31:54 +; construct
Exodus 34:25 +;
זָ֑בַח Leviticus 17:8 +
16 times; suffix
זִבְחוֺ Leviticus 7:16;
Ezekiel 34:15,
זִבְחֲכֶם Leviticus 19:6; plural
זְבָחִים Genesis 46:1 +; construct
זִבְחֵי Leviticus 17:5 +; suffix
3rd person masculine plural זִבְחֵיהֶם Leviticus 17:5,
זְבָחֵימוֺ Deuteronomy 32:38,
זִבְחֹתָם Hosea 4:19 etc.; — the common and most ancient sacrifice, whose essential rite was eating the flesh of the victim at a feast in which the god of the clan shared by receiving the blood and fat pieces. In the older literature it is distinguished from
מִנְחָה and
עֹלָה, in the later literature from
חַטָּאת and
אָשָׁם.
† I. general name for all sacrifices eaten at feasts: —
1. of the God of Israel
Genesis 46:1;
Exodus 10:25;
Exodus 18:12 (E)
Hosea 3:4;
Hosea 6:6;
Hosea 9:4;
Amos 5:25;
Isaiah 1:11;
Isaiah 19:21;
Deuteronomy 12:27;
Deuteronomy 18:3;
1 Samuel 2:13,
29;
1 Samuel 3:14;
1 Samuel 6:15;
1 Samuel 9:12,
13;
1 Samuel 15:22 (twice in verse);
1 Samuel 16:3,
5 (twice in verse);
2 Samuel 15:12;
1 Kings 8:62;
1 Kings 12:27;
2 Kings 5:17;
2 Kings 16:15;
Psalm 40:7;
Psalm 50:8;
Psalm 51:18;
Psalm 51:19;
Proverbs 15:8;
Proverbs 21:3,
27;
Isaiah 43:23,
24;
Isaiah 56:7;
Jeremiah 6:20;
Jeremiah 7:21,
22;
Jeremiah 17:26;
Jeremiah 33:18;
Ezekiel 40:42;
Ezekiel 44:11;
1 Chronicles 29:21 (twice in verse);
2 Chronicles 7:1,
4,
5,
12;
Nehemiah 12:43;
Daniel 9:27; Ecclesiastes 4:17. They should be
זִבְחֵי צֶדֶק sacrifices of righteousness (offered in righteousness by the righteous)
Deuteronomy 33:19;
Psalm 4:6; Psalm 51:21;
זִבְחֵי הַבְהָבַי sacrifices of gifts to me (
י׳)
Hosea 8:13; the temple is
בֵּית זָבַ֑ח 2 Chronicles 7:12; they should not be
רִיב ז׳ sacrifices of strife, where strife prevails
Proverbs 17:1.
†II. there are several kinds of
זְבָחִים which are gradually distinguished:
5. in ritual of H & P
זבחים are defined by
שׁלמים (which see)
Leviticus 3:1 +
39 times Leviticus, Numbers,
1 Samuel 10:8;
1 Kings 8:63;
2 Chronicles 30:22;
33:16;
Proverbs 7:14, but sometimes (rarely)
ז׳ alone is used in this sense, with or without suffix, where the meaning is plain from the context:
Leviticus 17:5,
7,
8;
Leviticus 19:6;
Leviticus 23:37 (H)
Numbers 15:3,
5,
8;
Joshua 22:26,
29 (all P). These ritual offerings are of three varieties
תּוֺדָה,
נֶדֶר and
נְדָבָה Leviticus 7:12,
16 (P); in the several lists
זבחים are distinguished from
תודות Amos 4:4f.;
2 Chronicles 29:31, from
נדרים Numbers 15:8 (P)
Deuteronomy 12:6,
11;
Jonah 1:16, from
נדבות Amos 4:4f.;
Deuteronomy 12:6 and from the more comprehensive
שׁלמים Numbers 15:8;
Joshua 22:27 (P). So also the sacrifice at the institution of the covenant at Horeb
Exodus 24:5 (J E) and the sacrifice at the installation of Saul
1 Samuel 11:5 are defined as †
זבחים שׁלמים. Thus
ז׳ seems not only to be used for all these special forms but also to include other festal sacrifices not defined in the codes of law. The ritual was the same for the entire class. They were all sacrifices for feasts in which the flesh of the victim was eaten by the offerers, except so far as the officiating priests had certain choice pieces and the blood and fat pieces went to the altar for God. The sacrifice at the institution of the covenant at Horeb, the Passover victim, and the ram of consecration, were special, in that there was an application of a portion of the blood to the persons and things which were to be consecrated,
Exodus 12:22;
Exodus 24:8;
Leviticus 8:23.
7. the verb used with
זֶבַח is ordinarily
זָבַח but others also are found e.g. †
עָשָׂה Numbers 6:17;
Numbers 15:3,
5,
8;
Joshua 22:23 (P)
1 Kings 12:27;
2 Kings 5:17;
2 Kings 10:24;
Jeremiah 33:18 (compare Sabean
עסי דֿבח Hal
148 DHM
ZMG 1888, 374); †
הֵבִיא Amos 4:4;
Deuteronomy 12:6,
11;
Jeremiah 17:26, †
הִגִּישׁ Amos 5:25, †
הִקְרִיב Leviticus 7:11,
16;
Leviticus 22:21 (all P),
עָבַד Isaiah 19:21, †
נָתַן Ecclesiastes 4:17,
יַעֲלָה עֹלָה אוֺ זֶבַח Leviticus 17:8 (H),
בִּשֵּׁל ז׳ Ezekiel 46:24,
שָׁחַט אֶתהָֿעוֺלָה וְהַזָּבַ֑ח Ezekiel 40:42; compare
Ezekiel 44:11.
Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon, Unabridged, Electronic Database.
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