πονηρός (on the accent cf.
Lob. ad Phryn., p. 3
Göttling, Lehre v., Accent, p. 304f; (
Chandler §§ 404, 405);
Lipsius, Grammat. Untersuch., p. 26),
πονηρά,
πονηρόν; comparitive
πονηρότερος (
Matthew 12:45;
Luke 11:26); (
πονέω,
πόνος); from
Hesiod (
Homer (ep. 15, 20), Theog.) down; the
Sept. often for
רַע;
1. full of labors, annoyances, hardships;
a. pressed and harassed by labors; thus Hercules is called
πονηροτατος καί ἄριστος,
Hesiod fragment 43, 5.
b. bringing toils, annoyances, perils: (
καιρός, Sir. 51:12);
ἡμέρα πονηρά, of a time full of peril to Christian faith and steadfastness,
Ephesians 5:16;
Ephesians 6:13 (so in the plural
ἡμέραι πονηραί the Epistle of Barnabas 2, 1 [ET]); causing pain and trouble (
A. V. grievous),
ἕλκος,
Revelation 16:2.
2. bad, of a bad nature or condition;
a. in a physical sense:
ὀφθαλμός, diseased or blind,
Matthew 6:23;
Luke 11:34 (
πονηρία ὀφθαλμῶν,
Plato, Hipp., min., p. 374 d.; the Greeks use
πονηρῶς ἔχειν or
διακεῖσθαι of the sick;
ἐκ γενετῆς πονηρούς ὑγιεῖς πεποιηκέναι,
Justin Martyr, Apology 1, 22 ((cf. Otto's note); others take
πονηρός in Matthew and Luke as above ethically; cf. b. and Meyer on Matt.));
καρπός,
Matthew 7:17f.
b. in an ethical sense,
evil, wicked, bad, etc. ("this use of the word is due to its association with the working (largely the servile) class; not that contempt for labor is thereby expressed, for such words as
ἐργάτης,
δραστηρ, and the like, do not take on this evil sense, which connected itself only with a word expressive of unintermitted toil and carrying no suggestion of results" (cf.
Schmidt, chapter 85, § 1); see
κακία, at the end); of persons:
Matthew 7:11;
Matthew 12:34;
Matthew 18:32;
Matthew 25:26;
Luke 6:45;
Luke 11:13;
Luke 19:22;
Acts 17:5;
2 Thessalonians 3:2;
2 Timothy 3:13;
γενεά πονηρά,
Matthew 12:39,
45;
Matthew 16:4;
Luke 11:29;
πνεῦμα πονηρόν, an evil spirit (see
πνεῦμα, 3 c.),
Matthew 12:45;
Luke 7:21;
Luke 8:2;
Luke 11:26;
Acts 19:12f,
15f; substantively
οἱ πονηροί,
the wicked, bad men, opposed to
οἱ δίκαιοι,
Matthew 13:49;
πονηροί καί ἀγαθοί,
Matthew 5:45;
Matthew 22:10;
ἀχάριστοι καί πονηροί,
Luke 6:35;
τόν πονηρόν,
the wicked man, i. e. the evil-doer spoken of,
1 Corinthians 5:13;
τῷ πονηρῷ,
the evil man, who injures you,
Matthew 5:39.
ὁ πονηρός is used pre-eminently of
the devil, the evil one:
Matthew 5:37;
Matthew 6:13;
Matthew 13:19,
38;
Luke 11:4 R L;
John 17:15;
1 John 2:13;
1 John 3:12;
1 John 5:18f (on which see
κεῖμαι, 2{c});
Ephesians 6:16. of things:
αἰών,
Galatians 1:4;
ὄνομα (which see 1, p. 447a bottom),
Luke 6:22;
ῤᾳδιούργημα,
Acts 18:14; the heart as a storehouse out of which a man brings forth
πονηρά words is called
θησαυρός πονηρός,
Matthew 12:35;
Luke 6:45;
συνείδησις πονηρά, a soul conscious of wickedness (conscious wickedness; see
συνείδησις, b. sub at the end),
Hebrews 10:22;
καρδία πονηρά ἀπιστίας, an evil heart such as is revealed in distrusting (cf.
Buttmann, § 132, 24;
Winer's Grammar, § 30, 4),
Hebrews 3:12;
ὀφθαλμός (which see),
Matthew 20:15;
Mark 7:22;
διαλογισμοί,
Matthew 15:19;
James 2:4;
ὑπόνοιαι,
1 Timothy 6:4;
καύχησις;
James 4:16;
ῤῆμα, a reproach,
Matthew 5:11 (
R G; others omit
ῤῆμα);
λόγοι,
3 John 1:10;
ἔργα,
John 3:19;
John 7:7;
1 John 3:12;
2 John 1:11;
Colossians 1:21;
ἔργον (according to the context) wrong committed against me,
2 Timothy 4:18;
αἰτία, charge of crime,
Acts 25:18 L T Tr marginal reading
WH marginal reading The neuter
πονηρόν, and
τό πονηρόν, substantively,
evil, that which is wicked:
εἶδος πονηροῦ (see
εἶδος, 2; (others take
πονηροῦ here as an adjective, and bring the example under
εἶδος, 1 (
R. V. marginal reading
appearance of evil))),
1 Thessalonians 5:22;
2 Thessalonians 3:3 (where
τοῦ πονηροῦ is held by many to be the genitive of the masculine
ὁ πονηρός, but cf. Lünemann ad loc.); (
τί πονηρόν,
Acts 28:21); opposed to
τό ἀγαθόν,
Luke 6:45;
Romans 12:9; plural (
Winer's Grammar, § 34, 2),
Matthew 9:4;
Luke 3:19; wicked deeds,
Acts 25:18 Tr text
WH text;
ταῦτα τά πονηρά,
these evil things i. e. the vices just enumerated,
Mark 7:23.
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