οὐ before a consonant,
οὐκ before a vowel with a smooth breathing, and
οὐχ before an aspirated vowel; but sometimes in the best manuscripts
οὐχ occurs even before a smooth breathing; accordingly,
L T WH marginal reading have adopted
οὐχ ἰδού,
Acts 2:7;
L T οὐχ Ἰουδαϊκῶς,
Galatians 2:14 (see
WH, Introduction, § 409);
L οὐχ ὀλίγος,
Acts 19:23;
οὐχ ἠγάπησαν,
Revelation 12:11; and contrariwise
οὐκ before an aspirate, as
οὐκ ἕστηκεν,
John 8:44 T; (
οὐκ ἕνεκεν,
2 Corinthians 7:12 T); (
οὐκ εὗρον,
Luke 24:3; (
οὐκ ὑπάρχει,
Acts 3:6) in manuscript
א (also C*; cf. the
Alex. manuscript in 1 Esdr. 4:2, 12;
Job 19:16;
Job 38:11,
26)); cf.
Winers Grammar, § 5, 1 d. 14;
Buttmann, 7; (
A. V. Schütz, Hist. Alphab. Art., Berol. 1875, pp. 54-58;
Sophocles, Hist. of Greek Alphab., 1st edition 1848, p. 64f (on the breathing);
Tdf., the
Sept., edition 4, Proleg., pp. xxxiii. xxxiv.;
Scrivener, Collation etc., 2nd edition, p. 55: no. 9; id. manuscript Bezae, p. xlvii. no. 11 (cf. p. xiii. no. 5); Kuenen and Cobet, N. T. etc., p. 87f;
Tdf. Proleg., p. 90f;
WH. Introductory §§ 405ff, and Appendix, p. 143f); the
Sept. for
לֹא,
אַיִן,
אֵין; a particle of negation,
not (how it differs from
μή has been explained in
μή, at the beginning); it is used:
1. absolutely and accented,
οὐ,
nay, no (
Winer's Grammar, 476 (444)): in answers,
ὁ δέ φησίν.
οὐ,
Matthew 13:29;
ἀπεκρίθη.
Οὐ,
John 1:21; (
John 21:5), cf. 7:12; repeated,
οὐ οὐ, it strengthens the negation,
nay, nay, by no means, Matthew 5:37;
ἤτω ὑμῶν τό οὐ οὐ, let your denial be truthful,
James 5:12; on
2 Corinthians 1:17-19, see
ναί.
2. It is joined to other words — to a finite verb, simply to deny that what is declared in the verb applies to the subject of the sentence:
Matthew 1:25 (
οὐκ ἐγίνωσκεν αὐτήν);
Mark 3:25;
Luke 6:43;
John 10:28;
Acts 7:5;
Romans 1:16, and times without number. It has the same force when conjoined to participles:
ὡς οὐκ ἀέρα δέρων,
1 Corinthians 9:26;
οὐκ ὄντος αὐτῷ τέκνου, at the time when he had no child,
Acts 7:5 (
μή ὄντος would be,
although he had no child); add,
Romans 8:20;
1 Corinthians 4:14;
2 Corinthians 4:8;
Galatians 4:8,
27;
Colossians 2:19;
Philippians 3:3;
Hebrews 11:35;
1 Peter 1:8;
ὁ...
οὐκ ὤν ποιμήν,
John 10:12 (where according to classical usage
μή must have been employed, because such a person is imagined as is not a shepherd; (cf.
Buttmann, 351 (301) and
μή, I. 5 b.)). in relative sentences:
εἰσιν...
τινες οἱ οὐ πιστεύουσιν,
John 6:64; add,
Matthew 10:38;
Matthew 12:2;
Luke 6:2;
Romans 15:21;
Galatians 3:10, etc.;
οὐκ ἐστιν ὅς and
οὐδέν ἐστιν ὁ followed by a future:
Matthew 10:26;
Luke 8:17;
Luke 12:2;
τίς ἐστιν,
ὅς οὐ followed by a present indicative:
Acts 19:35;
Hebrews 12:7; cf.
Winers Grammar, 481 (448);
Buttmann, 355 (305); in statements introduced by
ὅτι after verbs of understanding, perceiving, saying, etc.:
John 5:42;
John 8:55, etc.;
ὅτι οὐκ (where
οὐκ is pleonastic) after
ἀρνεῖσθαι,
1 John 2:22; cf.
Buttmann, § 148, 13; (
Winer's Grammar, § 65, 2
β.); — to an infinitive, where
μή might have been expected:
τίς ἔτι χρεία κατά τήν τάξιν Μελχισέδεκ ἕτερον ἀνίστασθαι ἱερέα καί οὐ κατά τήν τάξιν Ἀαρών λέγεσθαι,
Hebrews 7:11 (where the difficulty is hardly removed by saying (e. g. with
Winer's Grammar, 482 (449)) that
οὐ belongs only to
κατά τήν τάξιν Ἀαρών, not to the infinitive). it serves to deny other parts of statements:
οὐκ ἐν σοφία λόγου,
1 Corinthians 1:17;
οὐ μέλανι,
οὐκ ἐν πλαξί λιθίναις,
2 Corinthians 3:3, and many other examples; — to deny the object,
ἔλεος (
R G ἔλεον)
θέλω,
οὐ θυσίαν,
Matthew 9:13;
Matthew 12:7;
οὐκ ἐμέ δέχεται,
Mark 9:37. It blends with the term to which it is prefixed into a single and that an affirmative idea (
Winers Grammar, 476 (444); cf.
Buttmann, 347 (298)); as,
οὐκ ἐάω,
to present, hinder, Acts 16:7;
Acts 19:30 (cf., on this phrase,
Herm. ad Vig., p. 887f);
οὐκ ἔχω,
to be poor, Matthew 13:12;
Mark 4:25 (see
ἔχω, I. 2 a., p. 266{b});
τά οὐκ ἀνήκοντα (or
ἅ οὐκ ἀνῆκεν,
L T Tr WH),
unseemly, dishonorable, Ephesians 5:4 (see
μή, I. 5 d. at the end, p. 410a; (cf.
Buttmann, § 148, 7{a}.;
Winer's Grammar, 486 (452))); often so as to form a litotes; as,
οὐκ ἀγνοέω,
to know well, 2 Corinthians 2:11 (Wis. 12:10);
οὐκ ὀλίγοι, not a few, i. e. very many,
Acts 17:4,
12;
Acts 19:23;
Acts 15:2;
Acts 14:28;
Acts 27:20;
οὐ πολλαί ἡμέραι, a few days,
Luke 15:13;
John 2:12;
Acts 1:5;
οὐ πολύ,
Acts 27:14;
οὐ μετρίως,
Acts 20:12;
οὐκ ἄσημος, not undistinguished (
A. V. no mean etc.),
Acts 21:39;
οὐκ ἐκ μέτρου,
John 3:34. it serves to limit the term to which it is joined:
οὐ πάντως,
not altogether, not entirely (see
πάντως, c.
β.);
οὐ πᾶς,
not any and every one, Matthew 7:21; plural,
οὐ πάντες,
not all, Matthew 19:11;
Romans 9:6;
Romans 10:16;
οὐ πᾶσα σάρξ, not every kind of flesh,
1 Corinthians 15:39;
οὐ παντί τῷ λαῷ, not to all the people,
Acts 10:41; on the other hand, when
οὐ is joined to the verb,
πᾶς...
οὐ must be rendered
no one, no (as in Hebrew, now
כָּל...
לֹא, now
לֹא...
כָּל; cf.
Winer, Lex. Hebrew et Chald., p. 513f):
Luke 1:31;
Ephesians 5:5;
1 John 2:21;
Revelation 22:3;
πᾶσα σάρξ...
οὐ with a verb,
no flesh, no mortal, Matthew 24:22;
Mark 13:20;
Romans 3:20;
Galatians 2:16; cf.
Winers Grammar, § 26, 1; (
Buttmann, 121 (106)). Joined to a noun it denies and annuls the idea of the noun; as,
τόν οὐ λαόν, a people that is not a people (German
einNichtvolk,
a no-people),
Romans 9:25, cf.
1 Peter 2:10;
ἐπ' οὐκ ἔθνει (
R. V. with that which is no nation),
Romans 10:19 (so
עָם לֹא;
אֵל לֹא, a no-god,
Deuteronomy 32:21;
עֵץ לֹא,
a not-wood, Isaiah 10:15;
οὐκ ἀρχιερεύς, 2 Macc. 4:13;
ἡ οὐ διάλυσις,
Thucydides 1, 137, 4;
ἡ οὐ περιτείχισις 3, 95, 2;
ἡ οὐκ ἐξουσία 5, 50, 3;
δἰ ἀπειροσυναν...
κουκ ἀπόδειξιν,
Euripides, Hippolytus 196, and other examples in Greek writings;
non sutor, Horace sat. 2, 3, 106;
non corpus, Cicero, acad. 1, 39 at the end); cf.
Winers Grammar, 476 (444); (
Buttmann, § 148, 9);
ἡ οὐκ ἠγαπημένη,
Romans 9:25;
οἱ οὐκ ἠλεημένοι,
1 Peter 2:10.
3. followed by another negative,
a. it strengthens the negation:
οὐ κρίνω οὐδένα,
John 8:15; add,
Mark 5:37;
2 Corinthians 11:9 (8);
οὗ οὐκ ἦν οὐδέπω οὐδείς κείμενος,
Luke 23:53 (see
οὐδέπω);
οὐκ...
οὐδέν, nothing at all,
Luke 4:2;
John 6:63;
John 11:49;
John 12:19;
John 15:5;
οὐ μέλει σοι περί οὐδενός,
Matthew 22:16;
οὐκ...
οὐκέτι,
Acts 8:39; cf.
Matthiae, § 609, 3; Kühner, ii. § 516;
Winers Grammar, § 55, 9{b}; (
Buttmann, § 148, 11).
b. as in Latin, it changes a negation into an affirmation (cf.
Matthiae, § 609, 2;
Klotz ad Devar. ii. 2, p. 695f;
Winers Grammar, § 55, 9 a.;
Buttmann, § 148, 12);
οὐ παρά τοῦτο οὐκ ἐστιν ἐκ τοῦ σώματος,
not on this account is it not of the body, i. e. it belongs to the body, does not cease to be of the body,
1 Corinthians 12:15;
οὐ δυνάμεθα ἅ εἴδομεν καί ἠκούσαμεν μή λαλεῖν,
we are unable not to speak (
A. V. we cannot but speak),
Acts 4:20.
4. It is used in disjunctive statements where one thing is denied that another may be established (
Winers Grammar, § 55, 8; cf.
Buttmann, 356 (306)):
οὐκ...
ἀλλά,
Luke 8:52;
Luke 24:6 (
WH reject the clause);
John 1:33;
John 7:10,
12,
16;
John 8:49;
Acts 10:41;
Romans 8:20;
1 Corinthians 15:10;
2 Corinthians 3:3;
2 Corinthians 8:5;
Hebrews 2:16, etc.; see
ἀλλά II. 1;
οὐχ ἵνα...
ἀλλ' ἵνα,
John 3:17;
οὐχ ἵνα...
ἀλλά,
John 6:38;
οὐ μόνον...
ἀλλά καί, see
ἀλλά, II. 1 and
μόνος, 2;
οὐκ...
εἰ μή, see
εἰ, III. 8 c., p. 171{b};
οὐ μή with subjunctive aorist followed by
εἰ μή,
Revelation 21:27 (see
εἰ as above,
β.).
5. It is joined to other particles:
οὐ μή,
not at all, by no means, surely not, in no wise, see
μή, IV.;
οὐ μηκέτι with aorist subjunctive
Matthew 21:19 L T Tr marginal reading
WH.
μή οὐ, where
μή is interrogative (Latin
num) and
οὐ negative (cf.
Buttmann, 248 (214), 354 (304);
Winer's Grammar, 511 (476)):
Romans 10:18;
1 Corinthians 9:4;
1 Corinthians 11:22.
εἰ οὐ, see
εἰ, III. 11, p. 172a.
οὐ γάρ (see
γάρ, I., p. 109b),
Acts 16:37.
6. As in Hebrew
לֹא with imperfect, so in Biblical Greek
οὐ with 2 person future is used in emphatic prohibition (in secular authors it is milder; cf.
Winers Grammar, § 43, 5 c.; also 501f (467f); (
Buttmann, § 139, 64); Fritzsche on Matthew, p. 259f (cf. p. 252f) thinks otherwise, but not correctly):
Matthew 6:5; and besides in the moral precepts of the O. T.,
Matthew 4:7;
Matthew 19:18;
Luke 4:12;
Acts 23:5;
Romans 7:7;
Romans 13:9.
7. οὐ is used interrogatively — when an affirmative answer is expected (Latin
nonne; (
Winers Grammar, § 57, 3{a};
Buttmann, 247 (213))):
Matthew 6:26,
30;
Matthew 17:24;
Mark 4:21;
Mark 12:24;
Luke 11:40;
John 4:35;
John 7:25;
Acts 9:21;
Romans 9:21;
1 Corinthians 9:1,
6f,
12;
James 2:4, and often;
οὐκ οἴδατε κτλ.; and the like, see
εἰδῶ, II. 1, p. 174{a};
ἀλλ' οὐ,
Hebrews 3:16 (see
ἀλλά, I. 10, p. 28{a});
οὐκ ἀποκρίνῃ οὐδέν; answerest thou nothing at all?
Mark 14:60;
Mark 15:4; — where an exclamation of reproach or wonder, which denies directly, may take the place of a negative question:
Mark 4:13,
38;
Luke 17:18;
Acts 13:10 (cf.
Buttmann, § 139, 65);
Acts 21:38 (on which see
ἄρα, 1); cf.
Winer's Grammar, as above;
οὐ μή πίω αὐτό; shall I not drink it?
John 18:11; cf.
Winers Grammar, p. 512 (477); (cf.
Buttmann, § 139, 2).
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