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Rev. 16:1–21 The first four bowls inflict plagues on the earth, sea, rivers and springs, and sun (compare 8:7–12). The destruction poured out from the bowls is total (contrast 9:4–5, 18). The end has come.
Rev. 16:2 When the first bowl is poured out on the earth, it afflicts the earth’s inhabitants, who bear the beast’s mark, with painful sores. This is like the sixth plague on Egypt (compare Ex. 9:8–12; Deut. 28:27, 35).
Rev. 16:3 The second bowl turns the waters of the sea into blood (compare Ex. 7:21). All sea life will die.
Rev. 16:4–7 With the third bowl, rivers and springs (sources of drinking water) will be turned to blood. “It is what they deserve,” declares the angel . . . of the waters. The angel refers to those who shed the blood of saints and prophets (see 17:6). altar. See 6:9.
Rev. 16:8–9 Instead of darkening the sun (see 8:12), the fourth bowl will intensify its heat.
Rev. 16:10–11 Darkness was the ninth plague on Egypt (Ex. 10:21–29). The refusal to repent (compare Rev. 9:20–21; 16:9) shows the depth of human sinfulness. It also shows the justice of eternal punishment (20:3–15).
Rev. 16:12–14 The drying up of the great river Euphrates allows Satan’s armies to gather. Unclean spirits emerge as frogs (compare Ex. 8:2–11).
Rev. 16:15 Jesus calls for spiritual vigilance. This echoes his challenge to the satisfied churches of Sardis and Laodicea (ch. 3).
Rev. 16:16 Armageddon means “Mount Megiddo” in Hebrew. In ancient Israel, Megiddo was a plain, not a mountain. It was also the site of some key battles (Judg. 5:19; 2 Kings 23:29). In the symbolic geography of John’s visions it represents the global combat zone (see Rev. 20:9). The final conflict between Christ and Satan will be fought there.
Rev. 16:17–21 “It is done!” This declaration affirms that God has completed his plan (10:7). His wrath against evil is finished (15:1, 8). His kingdom is fully come (11:15). A great earthquake will shatter the great city, where Jesus was crucified and his martyrs were murdered (11:7–10). It is Babylon the great, which rules the “kings of the earth” (17:18). Human civilization will end when the Lord comes with lightning, rumblings, and peals of thunder (11:19). This is the earthquake predicted in the sixth seal (6:12–17).
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