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13:1–19:22 Forty Years near Kadesh. The central section of the book of Numbers spans 40 years. During this time the Israelites lived in or near Kadesh (later called Kadesh-barnea; 32:8), a large oasis about 50 miles (80 km) southwest of Beersheba. It marked the southern limit of the land of Canaan, according to 34:4. As a result of the rebellion after the spies’ negative reports, God punished the people by making them wait 40 years to enter the land.
Num. 13:1–14:45 The rebellion recorded in these chapters recalls the rebellion at Sinai, when the Israelites worshiped the golden calf (Exodus 32–34).
Num. 13:2 land . . . which I am giving. God reminds Moses of his promise to Israel.
Num. 13:4–16 This list of tribal leaders differs from that in chs. 1–2. Perhaps younger, more energetic leaders were needed for the spying mission. In 13:16, Hoshea (“he saves”) is renamed Joshua (“Yahweh saves”). The faith Joshua will display in 14:6 shows the suitability of his new name.
Num. 13:17–24 The spies cover some 220 miles (354 km). They travel from the Negeb, south of Beersheba, all the way to the far north—Rehob, near Lebo-hamath—about 47 miles (76 km) north of Damascus.
Num. 13:20 The season of the first ripe grapes is late July.
Num. 13:22 Hebron is about 20 miles (32 km) south of Jerusalem. It is where God had promised the land to Abraham forever (Gen. 17:8). Hebron is also the burial place of the patriarchs and their wives (see Genesis 23). the descendants of Anak. The Anakim were famous for their height (see Num. 13:33; Deut. 9:2). Zoan is Tanis, in the Nile delta. Several hundred years later, during Israel’s monarchy, it would be Egypt’s capital.
Num. 13:23 Eshcol (which means cluster) cannot be precisely located, but grapes grow well in the Hebron area.
Num. 13:25–33 The spies’ report covers the same events described in vv. 17–24. But while the earlier account is straightforward and factual, the spies’ account is vivid and exaggerated, designed to dismay the hearers. Their reference to Nephilim is most likely an excuse for their disobedience rather than an accurate report of what they saw in Canaan. The only other biblical mention of the Nephilim is before the flood (see note on Gen. 6:4).
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