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Jer. 23:1–2 shepherds. See note on 3:15. Rather than bind up, heal, protect, and feed their sheep, Judah’s leaders have destroyed and scattered them (10:21; Ezek. 34:2; Zech. 11:15–17). attend to you. Judge them because they have not judged God’s people well.
Jer. 23:3 gather. Bring back to Judah from exile. This process began in 538 b.c. (Ezra 1–2). For the expectation, see Jer. 29:14; 31:8; 10; Ezek. 11:17; 28:25.
Jer. 23:5 God will honor his covenant with David (2 Sam. 7:1–25). a righteous Branch (see notes on Zech. 3:8–9; 6:12) . . . shall reign as king. This Davidic king, a “branch” from the tree of David, will embody all good kingly characteristics: making good decisions, ruling fairly, and correctly dispensing justice (see Isa. 11:1–10). The NT authors saw that these and other messianic promises were fulfilled in Jesus (Matt. 2:2; Luke 1:32; 19:38; John 1:49).
Jer. 23:6 Judah will be saved. For the whole people being “saved,” see Ex. 14:30. God rescues his people from danger—including the danger to which their own sin has subjected them—and provides for them the conditions in which faithful life can flourish. dwell securely. Free from enemies. The Lord is our righteousness. A play on the new king’s name, Zedekiah, which means “the Lord is my righteousness.” Even though Zedekiah fails, a new king will come. See Isaiah 40–66, which foretells the return from exile, which leads to the raising up of David’s heir, the Messiah.
Jer. 23:7–8 they shall no longer say. The people’s return and the Messiah’s subsequent reign will be so great as to overshadow the exodus (see 16:14–15).
Jer. 23:11–12 Spiritual adultery begins with ungodly spiritual leaders. Such “guides” will be like slippery paths in the darkness. The people need spiritual leaders—specifically prophet and priest—who will be godly examples (a recurring theme in Jeremiah; 2:8; 5:31; 6:13; 8:10; 14:18).
Jer. 23:15 Compare 9:15. Judah’s ungodliness begins with those who teach God’s ways falsely (see Ex. 20:7).
Jer. 23:21–22 “I did not send the prophets.” True prophets would have asked the people to repent of their unfaithfulness.
Jer. 23:29 like fire. God’s word, in contrast to that of the false prophets, burns the straw of falsehood (v. 28). like a hammer. God’s word shatters the sinful heart.
Jer. 23:31–32 God opposes those who falsely claim to speak his words through their lying dreams and harmful lies.
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