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Judg 3:1 to test Israel. To see if Israel would truly follow the Lord (2:22; 3:4).
Judg 3:3 Philistines belonged to the mercenary sea peoples, mentioned in Egyptian texts as early as the fourteenth century b.c.
Judg 3:7–16:31 The Downward Spiral of Israel’s Unfaithfulness. The main part of the book of Judges shows how Israel fell increasingly into sin. It includes the stories of 12 judges raised up to deliver Israel from successive crises brought on by its unfaithfulness.
Judg 3:7–11 This main section of the book begins by repeating much of 2:11–14.
Judg 3:7 the Baals and the Asheroth. Baal was the most powerful god of the Canaanites. Asherah was a Canaanite goddess, a companion of El, the head of the Canaanite gods (see notes on 2:13; 6:25–26). At some point Baal may have replaced El as the most powerful Canaanite god. The use of the plural forms (Baals and Asheroth) shows that each was worshiped in multiple places.
Judg 3:9–10 Othniel of Judah had captured the city of Kiriath-sepher and had become Caleb’s son-in-law (see 1:13). The Spirit of the Lord was upon him. See note on 14:6.
Judg 3:12–30 The story of Ehud killing Eglon is graphic, highlighting the rough nature of this period and many of its “heroes.”
Judg 3:20 his cool roof chamber. In ancient cities, the coolest place in the house was on the roof.
Judg 3:31 Shamgar, mentioned only here and in 5:6, is apparently Hurrian, not Israelite. His designation as “son of Anath” probably refers to the Canaanite warrior goddess Anath.
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