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Isa. 9:1 Her who was in anguish refers to Israel as the people of God under his discipline. In the former time. Isaiah sees the tragic present as if it were already past. Brought into contempt, that is, humiliated with national defeat. in the latter time he has made glorious. A past-tense verb, because the prophetic eye sees the future in a matter-of-fact vision. The people of God will finally experience the glorious future prophesied in 2:3 through the triumph of their Messiah.
Isa. 9:2 The people who walked in darkness. People like those who refused the appeal of 2:5 (see also 5:30; 8:22; John 3:19–20). on them has light shone. An objective, surprising joy for sinners through the grace of God (see Isa. 42:6; 49:6; 2 Cor. 4:6).
Isa. 9:3 You have multiplied the nation. No longer are the faithful a small remnant (see 26:15; 54:1–5).
Isa. 9:4 God liberates humanity as on the day of Midian (see Judges 6–7, where Gideon achieves an improbable victory over Midian by the power of God).
Isa. 9:6 to us. A gift of divine grace to sinners. a child . . . a son. This is the invincible figure of vv. 4–5 (see Ps. 2:7–9; Luke 1:32). born . . . given. Isaiah presents the events as if it were the time of the child’s arrival, with an expectation of what he will achieve (Isa. 9:7). Wonderful Counselor. A “counselor” is one who is able to make wise plans (see 11:2). He is a ruler whose wisdom is beyond human capabilities. Mighty God. A title for the Lord (10:20–21; Deut. 10:17; Neh. 9:32; Jer. 32:18). Everlasting Father. A kind protector (see Isa. 22:21), which is the task of the ideal king and is also the way God himself cares for his people (see 63:16; 64:8; Ps. 103:13). Prince of Peace. He will bring peace (shalom) as the nations rely on his just decisions in their disputes (see Isa. 2:4; 11:6–9; 42:4; 49:7; 52:15).
Isa. 9:7 This messianic heir of David will extend his rule to include all Gentiles, thus bringing to them the blessing of knowing the true God (Gen. 49:10; 2 Sam. 7:8–16).
Isa. 9:8–12 Pride is the source of all the nation’s disasters.
Isa. 9:8–9 Jacob . . . Israel . . . Ephraim . . . Samaria. The northern kingdom rebelled against the throne of David and against the worship of the Lord (see 1 Kings 12:16–33).
Isa. 9:11 adversaries of Rezin. The Assyrians.
Isa. 9:12 his anger. God’s anger is caused by their sin (Deut. 29:22–28; see Ex. 34:6–7; Isa. 42:24–25; Nah. 1:2–3; Rom. 2:5).
Isa. 9:14 in one day. Judgment comes suddenly, perhaps referring to 722 b.c., when the northern kingdom fell.
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