Hos. 10:1–2 For the image of Israel as a vine, see Ps. 80:8–16; Jer. 2:21; Ezek. 15:1–8; 17:1–10. The more his fruit increased, the more altars he built. That is, altars to Baal: the more Israel prospered, the more they sinned. It was just as Moses had warned (Deut. 8:11–14).
Hos. 10:9 the days of Gibeah. See note on 9:9. Israel is in much more trouble now than when the Benjaminites were punished at Gibeah.
Hos. 10:10 When I please, I will discipline them. Israel’s discipline and downfall comes from the Lord. To do this, God uses the nations that shall be gathered against them (see Isa. 10:5–6).
Hos. 10:11–13 Ephraim was a trained calf is another reference to Israel’s beginnings. Israel once loved to thresh in his field (see Deut. 25:4). But now the Israelites have plowed iniquity . . . reaped injustice. Therefore, the Lord must harness Ephraim so that she will sow the seeds of righteousness and plow and reap a crop of steadfast love (compare Hos. 8:7). Ignoring the prophet’s appeals will result in a military disaster.
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