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Est. 1:1–2:23 Introduction. The author sets the scene for the main action by describing Queen Vashti’s downfall (1:1–22), her replacement by Esther (2:1–18), and how Mordecai prevented a plot against the king (2:19–23).
Est. 1:1 Ahasuerus (Xerxes I) was king of Persia 486–464 b.c.
Est. 1:2–3 Susa, in western Persia (now Shush, in southwestern Iran), was one of Persia’s four capital cities (see Neh. 1:1; Dan. 8:2). Media. Northwestern Persia, near the Caspian Sea. Once a separate nation, it was conquered c. 550 b.c. by Cyrus the Great, who founded the Persian Empire.
Est. 1:4–5 The 180 days were probably spent in festivities including lavish meals. The citadel probably refers to the fortified palace complex. The feast lasting for seven days probably completed the 180 days of festivities.
Est. 1:6–9 no compulsion. King Ahasuerus set aside the custom that everyone had to drink whenever the king drank. A separate feast for the women was another departure from normal Persian practice (see v. 8; 5:5–6).
Est. 1:10 eunuchs. Castrated men who, among other duties, served in the royal harem.
Est. 1:12 The author does not explain why Vashti refused to come. Even the queen was expected to obey the king absolutely.
Est. 1:13–14 wise men. Official advisers to the king. the times. The most favorable times for particular actions (see 3:7). the seven princes. The inner circle of the king’s advisers. Media. See note on 1:2–3.
Est. 1:15–18 Memucan repeatedly uses the word all to warn the king of a breakdown of proper domestic order throughout society.
Est. 1:19–20 The Persian king’s laws, once written, may not be repealed (see Dan. 6:8). This could cause complications if the king changed his mind (see Est. 8:5–8; Dan. 6:14–18). Never again implies divorce and the end of her queenship.
Est. 1:21–22 speak according to the language of his people. This command is probably intended to ensure that all family members everywhere understand the edict.
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