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Deut. 9:1–10:11 Continuing the theme of Israel’s “heart” problem, this section gives examples of Israel’s stubbornness.
Deut. 9:2 Anakim. See 1:28 and note.
Deut. 9:3 Quickly contrasts with “little by little” in 7:22. Compared with their long settlement in the land, the Canaanites will disappear quickly, but Israel’s conquest of the land will take a long time.
Deut. 9:4–5 Do not say in your heart (see 7:17–18 and note). While victory in the Promised Land is God’s punishment of the nations’ wickedness, that does not imply Israel’s righteousness. Israel’s possession of the land is due solely to God’s faithfulness to his promises.
Deut. 9:7–21 The golden calf incident is retold at length to demonstrate Israel’s stubbornness.
Deut. 9:8 Even at Horeb, where they heard God’s voice directly, Israel misbehaved (compare Exodus 32–34).
Deut. 9:9–10 all the words . . . spoken with you. That is, the Ten Commandments (see 5:22).
Deut. 9:12–13 God distances himself from Israel. Your people whom you have brought and this people contrasts with God’s earlier description of them as “my people” (Ex. 6:7).
Deut. 9:17 broke them. Moses’ breaking the tablets symbolized the deliberate ending of Israel’s covenant relationship with God. It was an impulsive gesture of fury and despair following God’s words recalled in vv. 12–14.
Deut. 9:18–20 This is the second period of forty days and forty nights (see vv. 9–11). The Lord listened to me refers to Moses’ intercession for the people (see vv. 25–29). Aaron was Moses’ brother, the first high priest of Israel.
Deut. 9:21 No mention is made here of forcing Israel to drink the water containing the ground-up golden calf (compare Ex. 32:20).
Deut. 9:25 forty days and forty nights. Considering its placement in Ex. 32:11–14, it is unclear if this is the same period as in Deut. 9:18. It may have occurred earlier (see vv. 9–11), as the following prayer implies.
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