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Deut. 20:1–20 These laws on warfare (especially vv. 16–18) may seem to be at odds with the teachings of the NT. But three things should be kept in mind: (1) they applied specifically to securing the Promised Land; (2) the Israelite armies were to offer terms of peace before attacking a city (see v. 10); (3) assuming the rightfulness of Israel’s cause, these laws actually helped to limit the loss of life in warfare. See notes on 7:1–2; 18:12.
Deut. 20:5–7 Three situations would exempt a man from military service. Compare 28:30. God desired that his people enjoy the blessings of housing, crops, and marriage. He could bring victory in battle, even with these three groups of men exempted from service.
Deut. 20:8 Fear could be contagious, so those who were fearful were also exempted.
Deut. 20:10–15 Verses 10–15 apply to cities outside the boundaries of the Promised Land (see v. 15). If the city rejects the terms of peace, God assures victory over it.
Deut. 20:16–18 Only the cities within the Promised Land are to be devoted to complete destruction. The mandate for complete destruction does not apply to cities outside Canaan (see vv. 10–15). God is the victor, and the spoils of war belong to him (see 2:34–35; 7:2). This kind of destruction is a sign of final judgment. See note on Josh. 6:17–18.
Deut. 20:19–20 Israel is to inherit trees that it did not plant (see 6:11).
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