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1 Sam 30:1 the third day. It was about 50 miles (81 km) from Aphek to Ziklag. The Amalekites surely knew that the bulk of the armies of Philistia and Judah had gone to battle in the north, and they had taken advantage of the situation to raid Ziklag.
1 Sam 30:6 But David strengthened himself in the Lord his God. Rather than despairing over the destruction of Ziklag, David turns to God in prayer and worship (see Ps. 56:3–4).
1 Sam 30:9 If the hypothesis is correct that Ziklag was Tel esh-Sheriah and the brook Besor was Wadi Ghazzeh, this takes place about 12 miles (19 km) southwest of Ziklag.
1 Sam 30:11–12 Bread here may refer simply to bread, or it may be a general term for food.
1 Sam 30:14 The Negeb of the Cherethites is probably southern Philistia (see Ezek. 25:16 and Zeph. 2:5, where “Cherethites” seems to be a synonym for “Philistines”). The Negeb of Caleb is the area south of Hebron.
1 Sam 30:17 The word translated twilight usually means “dusk” but occasionally it can mean “dawn.” The meaning of the word here is not clear. If it means “dawn,” David and his men probably waited until morning to attack in order to avoid killing their own people or letting the Amalekites escape. The battle continued during the daylight hours until sunset, which would be considered the start of the next day.
1 Sam 30:25 Rule is translated elsewhere as “custom” (2:13), “ways” (8:11), and “rights and duties” (10:25).
1 Sam 30:26–31 David generously distributes the spoils of victory to all who sided with him. He even gives gifts to others who will soon be his subjects. Hebron was the major city in the area. Bethel is not the famous Bethel (7:16; 10:3; 13:2) but an otherwise unknown city in Judah. Jattir and Eshtemoa are Levitical cities in the Judean hills (Josh. 15:48; 50; 21:14). Bor-ashan is probably Ashan in the Shephelah (Josh. 19:7). The locations of the other places are uncertain.
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