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1 Sam 23:1 Keilah was probably 3 miles (4.8 km) south of Adullam and east of Gath. It was apparently closer to Philistine territory than Hereth was.
1 Sam 23:7 God has given him into my hand. Saul apparently still believes that the Lord is on his side.
1 Sam 23:14–15 Ziph was about 5 miles (8 km) southeast of Hebron, near where the land starts going down toward the Dead Sea. Horesh was probably a grove of trees nearby.
1 Sam 23:16–18 Though David’s situation is much worse than in ch. 20, Jonathan sees even more clearly than before that David will be king.
1 Sam 23:19 The Ziphites were Judahites, but they apparently were not happy to have David and his men in the area. David composed Psalm 54 in response to this occasion.
1 Sam 23:24–28 Apparently David was on the eastern slope of a mountain trying to escape toward the Dead Sea, while Saul was on the western slope. Saul divided his force into two flanks and sent them around the mountain to the north and south to encircle David. Since the land to the east was open country, he could easily have captured him.
1 Sam 23:27 The raid by the Philistines was undoubtedly caused by the Lord to save David at the last minute.
1 Sam 23:29 Engedi is an oasis on the western shore of the Dead Sea, due east of Ziph.
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