1 John

Introduction to 1 John

When Jesus to earth, He came not only to live a life, but to give life:

"I have come that they may have life, and that they may have it more abundantly." - Jhn 10:10

The Gospel of John was designed to produce faith so that we might have life (Jhn 20:30-31). However, it is The First Epistle of John which describes the nature of that life in greater detail (e.g., 1Jo 3:14). That we might be sure to live the sort of life God offers through His Son Jesus Christ, a careful study of The First Epistle Of John is in order.

AUTHOR

It is assumed in this study that the author is John, the beloved disciple of Jesus (Jhn 13:23; 19:26-27; 20:2; 21:7,20). Similarities in style, vocabulary, and themes in both this epistle and the Gospel of John certainly offer internal evidence for this conclusion.

There is also external evidence that John is the author. Polycarp, a close associate of John, appears to make reference to this epistle in a letter to the Philippians at the beginning of the second century. Irenaeus, a student of Polycarp, quoted from the epistle and attributed it to John.

RECIPIENTS

No one is specifically mentioned by name. John may have been in Ephesus at the time, and some think this was a general epistle to Christians throughout Asia Minor (modern day Turkey). Comments in 1Jo 2:20,27 could imply that John was addressing a specific group of Christians that possessed certain spiritual (miraculous) gifts.

DATE

Estimates range from 60 A.D. to 100 A.D. Most modern scholarship places it around 95 A.D., but there are also good reasons for believing it was written prior to the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 A.D. (Re-dating The New Testament, John A. T. Robinson).

PURPOSE AND THEME

In his epistle John frequently states why he was writing:

• "these things we write to you that your joy may be full" - 1Jo 1:4
• "these things I write to you, that you may not sin" - 1Jo 2:1
• "these things I have written to you...that you may know that you have eternal life" - 1Jo 5:13
• "these things I have written to you...that you may continue to believe in the name of the Son of God" - 1Jo 5:13

While these reasons may state the positive purpose for John's letter, it appears he was also responding to errors prevalent at the time ("these things I have written to you concerning those who try to deceive you" - 1Jo 2:26). If not fully developed in John’s day, there was at least a precursor to Gnosticism.

Those who later came to be called Gnostics claimed to have a superior knowledge (the Greek word for knowledge is gnosis). A fundamental presupposition was that all matter was evil. Therefore they believed that God did not create or have anything to do with the material universe (rather, it was created by a demi-god). Also, that Christ could not have come in the flesh (cf. 1Jo 4:1-3).

One branch of Gnosticism, Docetism (dokein, "to seem"), taught that Jesus only seemed to be physical (contrast that with John’s statement in 1Jo 1:1). Cerinthus, a contemporary of John, taught that "Jesus" was physical, but that the "Christ" came upon Him at his baptism, and then left before His death, so that the "Christ-spirit" never suffered (cf. 1Jo 5:6).

The Gnostics’ application to everyday living took two different directions. Since all matter was considered evil, some taught one should abstain altogether from anything that would satisfy the flesh. Others claimed it did not matter what one did in the flesh (it was evil anyway), and to have "full knowledge" it was proper to explore everything.

John’s purpose therefore appears to be two-fold:

• Assure Christians that they have eternal life (1Jo 5:13)
• Counter those who denied that Jesus had come in the flesh (1Jo 4:1-6)

As the theme of this epistle, may I suggest:

Eternal life is in Jesus Christ, who has come in the flesh

OUTLINE

Here is an outline of the book, from the Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary...

• Prologue: The Word of Life (1Jo 1:1-4)
• 1. God Is Light (1Jo 1:5-3:10)
  1. Walk in the Light (1Jo 1:5-2:2)
     1. God is Light (1Jo 1:5-7)
     2. Resist sin (1Jo 1:8-2:2)
  2. Obey the command to love (1Jo 2:3-11)
     1. Know God and keep His commands (1Jo 2:3-6)
     2. Learn the new command and love others (1Jo 2:7-11)
  3. Know your spiritual status (1Jo 2:12-14)
  4. Be warned of enemies of the faith (1Jo 2:15-27)
     1. Beware of the world (1Jo 2:15-17)
     2. Beware of the antichrists (1Jo 2:18-27)
  5. Live like children of God (1Jo 2:28-3:10)
     1. Be confident and ready for His coming (1Jo 2:28-3:3)
     2. Be righteous and do not sin (1Jo 3:4-10)
• 2. God Is Love (1Jo 3:11-5:12)
  1. Love one another: part one (1Jo 3:11-24)
     1. Love in action (1Jo 3:11-18)
     2. Live in confidence (1Jo 3:19-24)
  2. Test the spirits (1Jo 4:1-6)
  3. Love one another: part two (1Jo 4:7-21)
     1. Love others because God loves you (1Jo 4:7-10)
     2. Love others because God lives in you (1Jo 4:11-21)
  4. Obey God and experience the victory of faith (1Jo 5:1-5)
  5. Believe in the Son and enjoy eternal life (1Jo 5:6-12)
• Conclusion: Confidence and Characteristics of the Child of God (1Jo 5:13-21)
  1. Know you have eternal life (1Jo 5:13)
  2. Be confident in prayer (1Jo 5:14-17)
  3. Do not continue in sin (1Jo 5:18-20)
  4. Keep yourself from idols (1Jo 5:21)

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Who is author of The First Epistle Of John?
2. • John the apostle, the beloved disciple who also wrote The Gospel Of John
3. Who were the original recipients of this epistle?
4. • Christians in general, likely in Ephesus or scattered throughout Asia Minor (Turkey)
5. When was it written?
6. • Most date it in 90s A.D.
7. List four reasons John stated for writing this epistle. (1Jo 1:4; 2:1; 5:13)
8. • "that your joy may be full"
   • "that you may not sin"
   • "that you may know that you have eternal life"
   • "that you may continue to believe in the name of the Son of God"
9. List another reason John wrote this epistle. (1Jo 2:26)
10. • "Concerning those who try to deceive you"
11. What doctrine later found in Gnosticism is addressed in this epistle?
12. • Jesus Christ did not come in the flesh
13. What has been suggested as its two-fold purpose?
14. • Assure Christians that they have eternal life
    • Counter those who denied that Jesus had come in the flesh
15. What has been suggested as its theme?
16. • Eternal life is in Jesus Christ, who has come in the flesh
17. What are the main divisions of this epistle as outlined above?
18. • Prologue: The Word of Life (1Jo 1:1-4)
    • God Is Light (1Jo 1:5-3:10)
    • God Is Love (1Jo 3:11-5:12)
    • Conclusion: Confidence and Characteristics of the Child of God (1Jo 5:13-21)