ESV Global Study Bible :: Introduction to 1-2 Samuel

INTRODUCTION TO
1-2 SAMUEL

Timeline

Author and Date

The author or authors of 1 and 2 Samuel are not known. These books recount the stories of Samuel, Saul, and David. Saul's reign began between 1050-1030 b.c. and ended in 1010. David then reigned until 971. The books were probably written soon after the end of his reign.

Theme

The central theme of the books of Samuel is how the Lord (1) established a dynasty ("house") in Israel for David rather than Saul and (2) how he chose Jerusalem as the place where David's successor would establish the temple ("house") for the worship of the divine King Yahweh.

Purpose

The purpose of 1 Samuel is to highlight two major events: the establishment of the monarchy in Israel (chs. 8-12); and the rise of David to be king after Saul (chs. 16-31). After ruling for a while, Saul was rejected by the Lord in favor of David (chs. 15-16), though Saul stayed on the throne until his death at Mount Gilboa (ch. 31). Later, in 2 Samuel 7, God promises David and his house an eternal dynasty. The book of 1 Samuel establishes the principle that obedience to the word of God is the necessary condition for a king to be acceptable to the God of Israel.

First and Second Samuel deal with a transitional period in the history of ancient Israel. There is a transition of leadership first from the priest Eli to the judge Samuel, then from the judge Samuel to the king Saul, and then from Saul to David. Samuel thus is the link between the judgeship and the kingship in Israel. He is the prophet God uses to anoint both Saul and David. The kingdom of Saul was also transitional. Under Saul, Israel was more than a loose confederation that gathered together whenever there was a common threat, but there was no strong central rule such as existed later. The story of the rise of David in the second half of 1 Samuel prepares for the full-scale kingship of David in 2 Samuel.

1 Samuel Key Themes

1. God's kingship. God is King of the universe and always has been. No human king can assume kingship except as a deputy of the divine King.
2. God's providential guidance. God providentially and individually guided the lives of chosen people such as Hannah, Samuel, and David. Even the life of Saul was in God's providential care (see 1 Sam. 9:16). God's timing is always perfect (see 1 Samuel 9 and the end of 1 Samuel 23), for he is the Lord of history.
3. God's sovereign will and power. God chooses or rejects people according to his absolute sovereign will and purpose. He may change his way of dealing with individuals according to his plan and purpose, but his decision is always just and right. At the same time, he is merciful and gracious.
   Therefore, obedience to God's word is of prime importance. Only God's grace allows sinful human beings to be in relationship with the holy God. Only the God-given way of approaching him through sacrifice can prepare humans to come closer to God. Believers can only wait on God, who will do his will according to his own purpose. What is impossible for humans is possible for God. This should encourage believers to put their faith in the one who is sovereign over the entire creation.

2 Samuel Key Themes

The themes of 1 Samuel are related to the themes of 2 Samuel: the sovereign God, who has guided David's life, chooses David as the ruler of God's people. God pledges to David an eternal covenant. David thus becomes the prototype of the future Messiah, Jesus Christ.

1. Davidic covenant. See 2 Samuel 7.
2. Messianic promise. Second Samuel 7 is a turning point in the history of salvation. God chose David to be the beginning of an enduring dynasty, from which the ultimate Ruler, Jesus, would come. God used David to fulfill his eternal plan of salvation, not because he was perfect from a human viewpoint, but because the Lord was "with him" and showed grace to him.

1 Samuel Outline

1. The Story of Samuel (1:1-7:17)
2. Transition to the Monarchy (8:1-22)
3. The Story of Saul (9:1-15:35)
4. The Story of Saul and David (16:1-31:13)

2 Samuel Outline

1. Story of King David (1:1-20:26)
2. Epilogue (21:1-24:25)

The Setting of 1 Samuel

The Setting of 2 Samuel