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Rom. 4:1–25 Abraham, the father of the Jewish people, is presented as a test case for the view that justification is by faith alone.
Rom. 4:3 Abraham had a right standing before God by believing, not by doing (Gen. 15:6).
Rom. 4:6–8 Paul introduces David as a second example of righteousness by faith, citing Ps. 32:1–2.
Rom. 4:11 sign . . . seal. Circumcision proved the righteousness by faith that Abraham had before his circumcision.
Rom. 4:13–14 The world to come is another term for the final salvation that will be given to Abraham and all believers (see Heb. 11:10–16; Revelation 21–22). If the inheritance is gained by observing the law, then righteousness is no longer by faith but by works.
Rom. 4:15 transgression. The violation of a revealed command. The Jews, who had the written law, had even greater responsibility for their sin. Paul argues elsewhere that sin also exists where no written law is involved; see 2:12, and note on 5:13.
Rom. 4:16 Faith means trusting in another, not in one’s own efforts. It corresponds exactly to grace, which involves trusting God’s gift of unearned favor. The adherent of the law refers to the Jewish believer in Christ. father of us all. Abraham is the father of all believers, whether Jew or Gentile.
Rom. 4:17 many nations. Genesis 17:5 confirms Abraham’s universal fatherhood. calls into existence the things that do not exist. If God created the world out of nothing, he could certainly give Sarah a child.
Rom. 4:23–24 but for ours also. In God’s plan, Scriptures as far back as Gen. 15:6 apply also to Christians in the new covenant age.
Rom. 4:25 raised for our justification. Both the death and the resurrection of Jesus Christ are necessary for forgiveness of sins and justification. When God raised Christ from the dead, it showed that he accepted Christ’s suffering and death as full payment for sin. At the cross, God had directed his wrath against Christ, but now, in the resurrection, God showed his favor to Christ and to all who would believe in him. This can be true because all who believe in Christ are united with him (see 6:6, 8–11; Eph. 2:6; Col. 2:12; 3:1).
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