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Num. 5:1–6:27 The concept of uncleanness is important in the Bible, and it is not what most people assume the term means (for a discussion of the term, see Introduction to Leviticus; see also Leviticus 11–16). There were different levels of uncleanness, ranging from a mild form caused by marital intercourse (Lev. 15:18), to moderate caused by skin disease (Leviticus 13), to severe uncleanness triggered by sins like idolatry, adultery, and homicide. Severe uncleanness had led to the Canaanites losing their land, and Israel was warned that the same thing could happen to them (Lev. 20:22–23). People who were unclean were forbidden to participate in worship. Their uncleanness could infect the tabernacle, making it impossible for God to dwell there. The Day of Atonement cleansed the tabernacle once a year (Leviticus 16) to ensure God’s continuing presence with his people. These regulations in Numbers 5–6 protect the camp from uncleanness so that the tabernacle will remain pure and God can stay with his people.
Num. 5:1–4 The unclean must live separate from the people, outside the campsite (compare Lev. 13:46; 2 Kings 7:3).
Num. 5:2 leprous. The skin conditions involved are described in Leviticus 13. dead. On the uncleanness caused by death, see Num. 19:11–22. discharge. See notes on Leviticus 15.
Num. 5:5–10 This law expands on Lev. 6:1–7, which deals with the case of someone stealing his neighbor’s property and then taking an oath denying that he did so.
Num. 5:11–31 The ritual described here is designed to distinguish between actual adultery (vv. 12–14a) and unwarranted suspicion (v. 14b). In Israel as well as in other ancient Near Eastern countries, adulterers faced the death penalty (Deut. 22:22). It is not clear what the threat that her womb swell and her thigh fall away means, but it could refer to miscarriage. The guilty wife is threatened with childlessness, while the innocent wife is assured she shall be free and shall conceive children (Num. 5:28; compare Gen. 20:17–18).
Num. 5:15 grain offering. For the normal procedure, see Leviticus 2. The absence of oil and frankincense shows that this is not a joyful occasion.
Num. 5:18 unbind the hair. An act of shaming, or perhaps of mourning (compare Lev. 10:6; 21:10).
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