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Lev. 16:1–34 The Day of Atonement Ritual. This annual observance highlights God’s grace. Here God offers forgiveness and renewal for Israel’s worship site, priests, and people. All sins can be forgiven. This ritual reminds readers that forgiveness comes from God, whose presence is symbolized by the ark in the Most Holy Place.
Lev. 16:1–2 Nadab and Abihu’s sin was not simply being drunk (see 10:9). They sinned when they entered (or attempted to enter) the Most Holy Place (inside the veil). See note on 10:1–3.
Lev. 16:3–10 One of the goats offered for the people’s sin purifies the tent of meeting, while the other is to be sent away alive into the wilderness. Azazel (vv. 8, 10) may have been a proper name. Or, it may be a compound word combining “goat” with “going away.” In that case it would mean “goat that goes away” (or “scapegoat”). Either way, the goat is sent out to take sin away from Israel.
Lev. 16:11–17 The atonement-day ritual begins with atonement for the priests (vv. 11–14) and then for the people (vv. 15–17). The cloud of incense is to protect Aaron from clearly seeing God’s presence in the Most Holy Place (see Ex. 33:20). because of their transgressions, all their sins (Lev. 16:16). “All their sins” (see also v. 21) probably refers to any sins not already atoned for through normal sacrifices.
Lev. 16:18–19 Altar here probably refers to the altar of burnt offering.
Lev. 16:20–22 Sending the guilt of all Israel into the desert is probably another way of cleansing the people, in addition to the prior purification of the sanctuary (vv. 3–20).
Lev. 16:23–25 Aaron leaves his Day of Atonement clothes inside the Holy Place because they are holy, not to be worn for the normal priestly activity.
Lev. 16:26–28 The person who handles the Azazel-goat is defiled because of contact with the uncleanness that the goat bore.
Lev. 16:29–34 On the tenth day of the seventh month (Tishri, that is, September/October), the Israelites and the strangers living among them are to afflict themselves (v. 29; literally, “humble their souls”). This term is connected with fasting and prayer (Ps. 35:13; Isa. 58:3).
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