Lev. 10:1–3 Nadab and Abihu, the eldest of Aaron’s four sons, took censers of their own, put incense in them, and offered unauthorized fire (see esv footnote) to the Lord. That is, they did the offering in their own way instead of in the way authorized by the Lord, and for this they died. Their sin probably also involved entering—or trying to enter—the Most Holy Place (see 16:1–3, 11–17; compare Heb. 9:7) after drinking alcohol (compare Lev. 10:8–11). Aaron held his peace. He apparently agreed that God was justified in killing Nadab and Abihu for their sin.
Lev. 10:4–7 The ordained priests were forbidden to mourn the death of their rebellious family members (but see note on 21:1–4).
Lev. 10:8–11 This is the only time in Leviticus that God speaks directly to Aaron alone. God outlines three major roles for the priesthood: (1) to distinguish between the holy and the profane, (2) to separate the clean from the unclean, and (3) to teach the people the laws of God.
Lev. 10:9–11 Wine and strong drink are forbidden while priests are “on duty,” so that they can faithfully carry out their responsibilities. On their responsibility to teach, see also Deut. 33:10; Ezra 7:10; Neh. 8:1–12; Mal. 2:6–7.
Lev. 10:16–20 On the final day of the installation of the priesthood, Moses discovers that Eleazar and Ithamar have not followed the regulations concerning sacrifice. Aaron argues that the events of the day have been so exceptional that it is too dangerous to perform the ritual. Moses then realizes that, though mistakes were made, Aaron has a correct fear of God’s holiness.
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