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Judg 12:1–7 This episode recalls Ephraim’s earlier challenge to Gideon (8:1–3). While Gideon was able to pacify Ephraim, Jephthah was not, and a civil war erupted. The Ephraimites were defeated, and they never again played any important role in Israel’s history.
Judg 12:6 Shibboleth . . . Sibboleth. The Gileadites devised a test to catch the Ephraimites using a word that was difficult for outsiders to pronounce correctly. Modern English uses the term “shibboleth” to refer to words, expressions, ideas, or beliefs used by “insiders” to differentiate themselves from “outsiders.” Tragically, Israel is again turning upon itself in internal strife (see 8:17).
Judg 12:8–10 Ibzan, the ninth judge, was known for marrying his 30 sons and 30 daughters to outsiders (v. 9).
Judg 12:11–12 Elon was the tenth judge. Nothing is reported about him other than the length of his rule (ten years).
Judg 12:13–15 Abdon, the eleventh judge, was wealthy and had many children.
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