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Ezek. 23:1–49 The allegory of the unfaithful sisters parallels ch. 16. Jerusalem’s destruction is depicted as yet more just and certain in light of the judgment that befell her sister Samaria. The oracle falls into two main parts: 23:1–35 tell the story and its outcome, with a condensed version following in vv. 36–49.
Ezek. 23:1–35 In the first part of this oracle (vv. 1–21), the behavior of the unfaithful sisters is individually described. The younger sister (Jerusalem) not only exceeds her older sister’s (Samaria’s) unfaithfulness by involving more partners, but she “saw” (v. 11) what happened to Samaria yet increased her own sinfulness. Judgment follows (vv. 22–31).
Ezek. 23:4 The names Oholah and Oholibah are identified as Samaria and Jerusalem. The significance of the symbolism of these names is not known.
Ezek. 23:11 The notice that Oholibah saw this is the only hint Ezekiel gives that she ought to have learned the lessons of her older sister.
Ezek. 23:12 The Assyrians dominated Manasseh’s era (see 2 Chron. 33:11).
Ezek. 23:14–17 The empire of the Babylonians followed that of the Assyrians (v. 12).
Ezek. 23:19 Usually, remembering the days of one’s youth means that a person has come to his or her senses (e.g., 16:22). Here, such memories cause Oholibah to become more wicked.
Ezek. 23:22–31 As in ch. 16, the lovers become the punishers. Twice here the phrase thus says the Lord God (23:22, 28) introduces announcements of judgment (vv. 22–27; 28–31). The longer first section describes the political agents of destruction, while the second is a summary.
Ezek. 23:32–35 Two further thus says introductions frame the final outcomes. The cup (see v. 31) is a common image of punishment (see Jer. 25:15–29; compare Isa. 51:17–23).
Ezek. 23:36–49 Having reached a stopping point, the oracle restarts, once again naming Oholah and Oholibah (v. 36; see note on v. 4). The familiar pattern of accusation and analysis (vv. 36–45) leading to judgment (vv. 46–49) is again followed. The growing interest in the worship life of the cities matches the political unfaithfulness identified in vv. 5–21.
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