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24:1–18 Covenant Confirmed. This section describes three different aspects of the covenant being confirmed: (1) Moses leads the people of Israel in sacrificing to the Lord and in reconfirming the covenant (vv. 3–8); (2) Moses, Aaron and his sons, and the elders worship the Lord and share a meal in his presence (vv. 1–2, 9–11); and (3) Moses and Joshua go further up the mountain, so that Moses can enter the cloud of the Lord’s presence (vv. 12–18).
Ex. 24:1–2 The rules about who can enter the Lord’s presence on Mount Sinai will prepare Israel for the similar rules regarding the tabernacle.
Ex. 24:4 This is one of three references in Exodus to Moses writing (also 34:28) or being commanded to write (17:14).
Ex. 24:5 Burnt offerings (10:25; 18:12) and peace offerings (20:24) have already been mentioned in Exodus, but the Lord had not yet given full instructions concerning them.
Ex. 24:6–8 Throwing blood . . . against the altar and on the people probably signifies cleansing and atonement. The blood links the altar and the people, symbolizing the union of God and Israel in the covenant.
Ex. 24:7 The Book of the Covenant apparently refers to both the Ten Commandments (20:1–21) and the commands and rules that follow (20:22–23:33).
Ex. 24:9–11 The men saw the God of Israel and remained unharmed. According to 33:20, “man shall not see [God] and live,” so the “seeing” here was something different. Compare 33:23, which perhaps describes a partial vision of God (see notes on John 1:18; Rev. 22:4). The clear surface they saw under his feet may indicate that this is all they saw of God.
Ex. 24:13–14 This is the first time Joshua is referred to as Moses’ assistant (also 33:11; Josh. 1:1). Hur helped Aaron hold up Moses’ hands during the battle with Amalek (Ex. 17:10–12).
Ex. 24:17–18 like a devouring fire. God’s presence is often signified by fire (see also 3:2; 13:21–22; 19:18; 40:38; compare Deut. 9:3). Moses is able to enter the cloud of God’s presence; he is the one with whom God has chosen to meet and therefore he will not be destroyed (see Ex. 24:9–11).
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