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2 Sam 10:1–12:31 The Ammonite war is the background for the events of chs. 10–12. The war led to David’s domination of the Syrian kingdoms (see 8:3–12; 10:15–19). Unfortunately, it was also the setting for his sin with Bathsheba (11:1–12:25).
2 Sam 10:1–19 Israel’s war with Ammon began when the Ammonites disgraced David’s ambassadors; it did not result from any wrongdoing by David.
2 Sam 10:1–5 David wants to deal loyally with Hanun because of his father Nahash (presumably the Nahash mentioned in 1 Samuel 11), who had dealt loyally with David. Also, David wants to keep the Ammonites as peaceful neighbors. It may be that the princes of the Ammonites are alarmed by the representatives of David, who had conquered Moab (2 Sam. 8:2), the country directly south of them. shaved off half the beard of each. This act of humiliation amounted to breaking off diplomatic relations. David allows his messengers to remain at Jericho so that they would not have to display their humiliation in the royal court.
2 Sam 10:6–8 Beth-rehob, Zobah, Maacah, and Tob were Syrian kingdoms in the northern Transjordan and Lebanon Valley. Hiring armies was a common practice of the day (compare 2 Kings 7:6). The gate is that of the city of Rabbah (2 Sam. 11:1), the capital of Ammon, near present-day Amman, Jordan.
2 Sam 10:9–19 David’s army under Joab is trapped between the Syrians and the Ammonites, but they defeat the Syrians and force them to leave. Hadadezer of Zobah (see 8:5) attacks again at Helam, apparently a city in northern Transjordan, but is again defeated.
2 Sam 10:12 let us be courageous . . . and may the Lord do what seems good to him. Joab expresses both faith in God and a resolve to fight with all his strength. Faith and human effort rightly go together.
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