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1 Sam 31:1–13 The army of Israel is completely defeated, Saul’s sons are killed, Saul kills himself to avoid capture, and the Philistines take over the region.
1 Sam 31:1 The events of this chapter directly follow those of chs. 28 and 29. The Philistines have left their camp at Shunem and are attacking the Israelite army on Mount Gilboa (see 28:4).
1 Sam 31:4 Saul took his own sword and fell upon it. See note on 2 Sam. 1:6–10 for the claim that Saul was killed by an Amalekite.
1 Sam 31:7 The other side of the valley is the north side of the Jezreel Valley.
1 Sam 31:10 Beth-shan is at the intersection of the north-south road along the Jordan Valley and the road from Gilead to the Jezreel Valley.
1 Sam 31:11–13 Saul had saved Jabesh-gilead at the beginning of his reign (ch. 11), which the men of the city remembered. They cross the Jordan and go about 10 miles (16 km) to Beth-shan. The burning of bodies was usually considered desecration, but here the purpose may have been to keep them from further dishonor. bones. Even after lengthy burning, large bones would remain. David later reburied the bones (2 Sam. 21:12–14).
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