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1 Sam 12:1–25 The setting of this address is not clear, though it was probably a different occasion than ch. 11. From now on, Samuel will no longer be the judge of all Israel: the age of kingship has begun. But this is neither a retirement ceremony for Samuel nor his last public address; his authority as the prophet who gives the word of God to the king and people of Israel remains powerful (see 12:18), and he has one more king to anoint (ch. 16).
1 Sam 12:3–6 Samuel asks the people to testify to his honorable behavior as a judge, in contrast to that of his sons (see 8:3). Whose ox have I taken? Samuel has not used his office as a means of personal enrichment (see notes on 8:3; 8:14–15).
1 Sam 12:10 the Baals and the Ashtaroth. That is, the foreign gods and goddesses; see note on 7:3–4.
1 Sam 12:14–15 No king in Israel is exempt from obeying the Lord’s commandments.
1 Sam 12:21 empty things. Worthless idols. Those who trust in them receive only emptiness in return.
1 Sam 12:23 Praying and instruction are two of Samuel’s major roles as prophet, even now that Israel has its king.
1 Sam 12:25 Both the people and the king are required to obey the Lord.
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